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Download Chapter 4 Series Circuits The current must be the same at all points
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Transcript
Chapter 4 Series Circuits The current must be the same at all points between A and B because the it has only one path no matter how many resistors. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pictorial Vs Schematic Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. You could hook up an ammeter at any point in the circuit and the current would be the same Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Total resistance increases with each additional series resistor. RT RT RT Resistance is Added in Series: RT= R1+R2+R3+ . . .Rn Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Ohms Law Entire Circuit • IT = VS/RT • VS = RT IT • RT = VS/IT Individual Resistors • VRX = RX IT • IRX= VRX/RX Circuit Analysis Steps: 1. Determine RT 2. Determine IT 3. Determine Individual Voltage Drops Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: The sum of the voltage drops around a single closed path equals the source voltage in that closed path. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e VS = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . VN Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Sum of n voltage drops equals the source voltage Vs = V1 + V2 + V3+ Vn Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Illustration of a verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage law. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e 10V = 5.5V + 4.5V Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Question: Which Resistors will have the Largest and Smallest Volage Drops? Determine: •RT •IT •Individual Voltage Drops • If Kirchhoff was Right Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. FIGURE 4-18 RT = R1+R2+R3+ R4 => 125 Ohms Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. FIGURE 4-18 IT = 25V/125Ohms => 200mA Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Note: R1 has the Largest Voltage Drop R4 has the Smallest Voltage Drop Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e VR1 = (82 Ohms) (200ma) =>16.4V VR2 = (18 Ohms) (200ma) =>3.6V VR3 = (15 Ohms) (200ma) =>3V VR4 = (10 Ohms) (200ma) =>2V Total 25V Kirchhoff Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. FIGURE 4-38 Example of a two-resistor voltage divider. Voltage Divider Formula •No Need to Determine/Measure Total Current •Still Need to Determine RT •Learn to Recognize the Resistor Value Ratios to Estimate Voltage Drops Voltage Divider Formula => VX = (RX/RT)VS Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. VR1 = (82 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.656)(25V) => 16.4V VR2 = (18 Ohms)/(125 Ohms) (25V) = > (.144)(25V) => 3.6V VR3 = (15 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.120)(25V) => 3V VR4 = (10 Ohms/125 Ohms) (25V) => (.080)(25V) => 2V Total 25V Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground Voltages in Electric Circuits are most Commonly Measured From “Points” in the Circuit Referenced to Ground •Multisim Example Measuring Individual Voltage Drops with Multimeter Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground Voltages in Electric Circuits are most Commonly Measured From “Points” in the Circuit Referenced to Ground •Multisim Example Showing Voltage Measured to Ground with Multimeter Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Measuring Voltage Drops Vs Measuring Voltages to Ground Voltages in Electric Circuits are most Commonly Measured From “Points” in the Circuit Referenced to Ground •Multisim Example Showing Voltage Measured to Ground with Probes which Also Shows Current at Each Point •Note that the Probes had to be connected in series with the resistors (Not at Point A, B or C) in order to read the current Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The potentiometer as a voltage divider. = Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e = Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The potentiometer as a voltage divider. (b) Wiper Almost at Terminal 1: •Terminal 3 gets most of the voltage developed across the resistor •Almost total VS at Terminal 3 (a) Wiper Centered: •½ of the voltage drop developed at Terminal 3 •½ VS at Terminal 3 Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e (c) Wiper Almost at Terminal 2: •Terminal 3 Gets almost none of the voltage developed across the resistor •Very little VS at Terminal 3 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. A voltage divider used for volume control – Audio Signal Volume Control Application The “Higher” the Wiper, the Louder the Volume Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. A potentiometer voltage divider used as an automotive fuel-level sensor. Fuel Level Sensor Application Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The voltage divider as a bias circuit for a transistor amplifier. Transistor Biasing Application Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Power in a Series Circuit Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Power in a Series Circuit Total Circuit Power • PT = VS IT • PT = I2 RT • PT = VS2 /RT Individual Resistor • PRX= VRX IT • PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 + . . . + PRn Determine: •PT Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. PT = (25V) (200ma) = 5W Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e PR1 = (16.4V) (200ma) => 3.28W PR2 = (3.6V) (200ma) => 720mW PR3 = (3V) (200ma) => 600mW PR4 = (2V) (200ma) => 400mW Total 5W Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Example of series-aiding voltage sources. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Example of series-aiding voltage sources. Vs = 18V Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. When batteries are connected Series Opposing, their voltages subtract. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. When batteries are connected Series Opposing, their voltages subtract. Vs = 10V Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Open Series Circuit •Total Current = Zero •Source Voltage Appears Across the Open Component Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Troubleshooting using the half-splitting technique Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Shorted Series Circuit Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e •Current Too High •Total Resistance Down •Zero Voltage Drop Across Shorted Components Troubleshooting Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
