Download Chapter 1 - Kennedy APES

UNIT 4 – STUDY GUIDE
POPULATION ECOLOGY & CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERISTY
Name: ___________________________
Period: ______
Chapter 6
Population and Community Ecology
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to…
Module 18: The Abundance and Distribution of Populations
 explain how nature exists at several levels of complexity.
 discuss the characteristics of populations.
 contrast the effects of density-dependent and density-independent factors on population growth.
Module 19: Population Growth Models
 explain the exponential growth model of populations, which produces a J-shaped curve.
 describe how the logistic growth model incorporates a carrying capacity and produces an S-shaped curve.
 compare the reproductive strategies and survivorship curves of different species.
Module 20: Community Ecology
 identify species interactions that cause negative effects on one or both species.
 discuss species interactions that cause neutral or positive effects on both species.
 explain the role of keystone species.
Module 21: Community Succession
 explain the process of primary succession.
 explain the process of secondary succession.
Key Terms
population (p. 191)
community (p. 191)
population ecology (p. 192)
population size [N] (p. 192)
population density (p. 193)
population distribution (p. 193)
sex ratio (p. 193)
age structure (p. 194)
limiting resource (p. 194)
density-dependent factors (p. 194)
carrying capacity [K] (p. 194)
density-independent factors (p. 194)
population growth rate (p. 197)
intrinsic growth rate (p. 197)
exponential growth model (p. 197)
J-shaped curve (p. 197)
logistic growth model (p. 198)
S-shaped curve (p. 198)
overshoot (p. 198)
die-off (p. 198)
K-selected species (p. 200)
r-selected species (p. 201)
survivorship curves (p. 201)
type I survivorship curve (p. 201)
type II survivorship curve (p. 201)
type III survivorship curve (p. 201)
inbreeding depression (p. 202)
community ecology (p. 204)
symbiotic relationships (p. 204)
competition (p. 205)
competitive exclusion principle (p. 205)
resource partitioning (p. 205)
predation (p. 206)
parasitism (p. 207)
herbivory (p. 208)
mutualism (p. 208)
commensalisms (p. 209)
keystone species (p. 210)
ecological succession (p. 213)
primary succession (p. 213)
secondary succession (p. 213)
pioneer species (p. 214)
Chapter 6 – Guiding Questions
1.
In order to study nature better, scientists have organized it into increasing levels of complexity.
Distinguish between each level:
What does this level consist of?
What do scientists study at this level?
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
2.
How do the following characteristics affect how populations change over time?
Factor
How factor affects (or is related) to populations
Size (N)
Density
Distribution
Sex ratio
Age structure
3.
Populations distribute themselves in different ways:
Type:
Type:
Advantage:
Type:
Advantage:
4.
Give examples of resources that would be limiting factors.
5.
Contrast the differences between density-dependent and density-independent factors.
6.
Differentiate between top-down population regulation and bottom-up population regulation and give an
example of each. Not in your textbook. Will be in the PowerPoint notes.
7.
What is the “intrinsic growth rate (r)” of a population? What shape of a growth curve does it create?
8.
How is a logistic growth different from exponential growth? What shape of a growth curve does it create?
9.
Referring to the graph below: Explain what causes the J-shaped growth curve in “Phase A”. Draw and
label the carrying capacity. Explain what causes the S-shaped growth curve in “Phase B”.
10. Why does a die-off almost always follow an overshoot?
11. Fill in the following chart:
Trait
r-selected
K-selected
Life Span
Time to reproductive maturity
Number of offspring
Size of offspring
Level of parental care
Population growth rate
Population dynamics
12. Draw a graph of, and describe, the three general types of survivorship curves.
(Type I) late loss curves –
(Type II) constant loss curves –
(Type III) early loss curves –
13. What is the “competitive exclusion principle”?
14. How does “resource partitioning” benefit species diversity? What is the main cause of it?
Use Figure 20.2 to help you answer.
15. Describe the different ways that species interact with each other:
Relationship
Description
Specific Example
Competition
Predation
Parasites
Herbivory
Mutualism
Commensalism
16. Discuss the importance of keystone species.
17. What are the major differences between primary succession and secondary succession?
18. Explain the “Theory of Island Biogeography”.
Chapter 18
Conservation of Biodiversity
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to…
Module 59: The Sixth Mass Extinction




explain the global decline in the genetic diversity of wild species
discuss the global decline in the genetic diversity of domesticated species
identify patterns of global decline in species diversity
explain the values of ecosystems and the global declines in ecosystem function
+/+, +/-, +/0
Module 60: Causes of Declining Biodiversity





discuss how habitat loss can lead to declines in species diversity
explain how the movement of exotic species affects biodiversity
describe how overharvesting causes declines in populations and species
understand how pollution reduces populations and biodiversity
identify how climate change affects species diversity
Module 61: The Conservation of Biodiversity
 identify legislation that focuses on protecting single species
 discuss conservation efforts that focus on protecting entire ecosystems
Key Terms
threatened species (p. 636)
near-threatened species (p. 636)
least concern species (p. 636)
intrinsic value (p. 637)
instrumental value (p. 637)
native species (p. 644)
exotic species (p. 644)
invasive species (p. 645)
endangered species (p. 651)
biosphere reserves (p. 654)
Chapter 18 – Guiding Questions
1.
Why would global decline in the genetic diversity of wild organisms be problematic?
2.
What are the dangers in having limited genetic diversity in our food supply (domesticated species)?
3.
Why do ecologists think we are now experiencing the sixth mass extinction?
4.
Describe the difference between “intrinsic” and “instrumental” values.
 Intrinsic
 Instrumental (include provisions, regulating services, support systems, resilience, and cultural services)
5.
List characteristics that make species prone to extinction.
Not in your textbook. Will be in the PowerPoint notes.
6.
The acronym HIPPCO helps us remember the 6 major causes of premature biodiversity loss. Complete
the following table.
Cause
Description
Habitat loss
Invasive species
Pollution
Population
Climate change
Overharvesting
Human population growth requires increasing amounts of resources which
in turn leads to environmental degradation. This degradation negatively
affects biodiversity and the processes that support biodiversity.
7.
Give the characteristics of successful invasive species and the characteristics of vulnerable ecosystems.
Not really in your textbook. Will be in the PowerPoint notes.
 Invasive species –
 Vulnerable ecosystem –
8.
Describe the major pieces of legislation in the single-species approach to preserving biodiversity.
 Lacey Act
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
 Marine Mammal Protection Act (US law)
 Endangered Species Act (ESA) (US law)
Why is the ESA controversial?
9.
What are the advantages to biodiversity conservation through an ecosystem-based approach instead of a
species-based approach?