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FIRST AID
Unit #2
Miss Martini
Emergency Action Principles
should be done in case of ANY emergency
 Check
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Scene
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Safe?
Clues
# of victims
Bystanders to help
Victim
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Injuries
Life threatening conditions
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Unconscious
Trouble breathing
Chest pain or pressure
No pulse
Bleeding severely
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Call (and get AED)
( If alone, call first then start first aid or CPR)
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911 or local emergency # for ambulance
Give
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Exact location
Telephone #
What happened
# and condition of victims
What help is being given
DON’T HANG UP TILL OPERATOR DOES!
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Care for victim
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Life threatening injuries 1st
Less severe
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Use S.A.M.P.L.E.
S- Signs/ Symptoms
A- Allergies
M- Medications
P- Pertinent Medical History (ask, alert tag)
L- Last food or drink
E- Events leading up to incident
Help victim stay calm, relaxed
Deciding to Act
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Consent to give first aid
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Actual consent
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Implied consent
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Oral or written permission from a mentally sound adult to
give first aid
Assuming the victim would grant permission to give first
aid if they were capable
Good Samaritan Laws
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Protect those who give first aid in good faith
Complete legal protection
 Properly trained
 Using correct procedures and skills
* Purpose is to minimize fear of legal consequences
Universal Precautions
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Follow in any situation with possible contact
with blood and other bodily fluids
Steps taken to prevent spread of diseases.
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Wear disposable latex gloves
Wash hands thoroughly
Use breathing barriers
Checking Unconscious Adult
See text pg 723
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Check, Call, Care
PRONE
Shout, Tap, & Shout
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*SUPINE/
“Hey, are you okay?” “Are you alright?”
“Go call 911.”
Check for Breathing (A, B, C’s)
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Look, Listen, Feel (approx. 5 sec)
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Open airway (tilt head back, lift chin)
Look for signs of life
 (no >10 sec.)
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Breathing: recovery position
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GASTRIC DISTENTION when rescuer is ventilating too hard or too long
 Can be minimized by limiting the amount of air ventilated
Checking Conscious Adult
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Look for life threatening conditions
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If none, use S.A.M.P.L.E.
“What happened?”
Severe bleeding?
Check head to toe
 Note any bleeding, cuts, bruises, bumps,
depressions, or pain
Abnormal breathing?
 Gasping, gurgling, unusually fast, slow, or painful
Skin looks and feels?
Move each body part that doesn’t hurt
Take deep breathe
Unsure about condition- call emergency #
Comfort victim
Conscious Choking Adult
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Victim can no longer speak, cough, breath
“Call 911.”
Five Back blows
Five Abdominal thrusts (if pregnant or obese give chest thrusts)
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Stand behind victim
Find belly button
Make fist with other hand
Place thumb side of fist against middle of victims
abdomen (just above belly button)
Grab fist with other hand
Quick upward thrusts
Continue alternating until object is up, victim can
breath, coughs on own, or victim becomes
unconscious
Recognizing a heart attack
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Signs
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Chest discomfort or pain (may spread to other body
areas)
Sweating
Nausea
Shortness of breath
General ill feeling
Deaths are reduced by recognizing early
symptoms of heart attack
Call for help
See text pg 739
Cardiac Chain of Survival
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5 links
1.
Early recognition and access to emergency system
call 911
2. Early CPR
- keeps blood and oxygen flow to organs,
prevents brain damage and death
3. Early Defibrillation
- Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
- Electronic shock to heart
Give one shock, then 5 cycles CPR (2 min long)
Do not re-check in between shocks and CPR unless
you see obvious signs of life (color change,
coughing, spitting up, chest moving with breaths)
4. Early Advanced Life support
- Paramedics
5. Integrated Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
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See text pg 734
No signs of circulation, No AED, Unconscious
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Shout, Tap and Shout
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“Are you ok?”
“Call 911.”
Open airway (A, B, C’s)
 Locate hand position
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Find center of sternum, fingers off the chest
Elbows locked
CPR
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30 compressions
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Ratio 30:2
1 1/2 -2 inches deep
Takes about 10 sec (rate of approx 100-120 per min)
2 rescue breaths
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Lasts about 1 sec each
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GASTRIC DISTENTION when rescuer is ventilating too hard or too long
 Can be minimized by limiting the amount of air ventilated
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Once CPR is started continue until
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Scene is unsafe
AED available
Too exhausted
Someone takes over (Advanced Life support)
Obvious signs of life (color change, coughing, spitting up,
chest moving)
Unconscious Choking Adult
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2 rescue breaths don’t go in, reposition, try
again, still don’t go, assume airway is blocked
Find hand position
30 chest compressions
Look for object
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Grasp tongue and lower jaw b/t thumb & fingers, lift up
Finger sweep if you see something
2 rescue breaths
If don’t go in continue with 30 compressions
Repeat above process
Unconscious Choking Adult
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Stop cycles if
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Object removed
Chest rises with rescue breaths
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Check for signs of circulation
If none continue with compressions and
breaths
Victim starts breathing on own
EMS arrives & takes over
Injuries
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Check
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Scene
Victim
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Life threatening
Head to toe
Call 911
Care
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Give care until help arrives
Injuries
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Types
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Wounds/ Burns (Soft Tissue)
Muscle, Bone, & Joint
Bleeding
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Use Latex Gloves
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Arterial- bright red (oxygenated)
Venous- darker blood
** Approximately 2 pint per 25 pounds
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Care for Wounds
(External Bleeding)
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Minor Wounds
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Cleaned & covered
Open Wounds
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Control bleeding
Prevent infection
 Clean & cover
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Closed Wounds
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Apply cold
Major Wounds
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Call “911” and control bleeding
Clues to Internal Bleeding
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Tender, swollen, bruised or hard areas of the
body
Cool, moist, pale or bluish skin
Vomiting or coughing up blood
Excessive thirst
Confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious
** Serious Internal Bleeding- Call “911”
immediately
Muscles, Bones, & Joints
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Muscles
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Strain: tearing or stretching of muscles or
tendons
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Tendons- strong fibers that attach muscle to
bone
Bones
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Fracture: a break, chip, or crack in a bone
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Types:
 Open (compound)
 Closed (simple)
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Symptoms: Deformity, snap, and pain may be
present
Muscles, Bones, & Joints
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Joints
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Sprain: tearing of ligaments at a joint
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Wrist, knee, ankle, & finger
Ligaments- strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach
bone to bone
Dislocation: the movement of a bone out of its
position in the joint. Usually caused by a violent force
tearing the ligaments that hold the bone in place.
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Finger
 Apply ice, immobilize and go to doctor
 **** Do not try to pull it out
Muscles, Bones, & Joints
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Signs of severe injury:
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Can not move or use body part
A snap or a pop is heard
Bone is visible
Significant bruising, swelling, or deformity
Care for Muscle, Bone & Joint
Injuries
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R- Rest
I- Immobilize (splint)
C- Cold
 Apply cold for up to 72 hours
 20 min on 20 min off
E- Elevate
** Keep part immobile, if have to move victim, 1st splint injury.
Do not elevate a severe injury unless it has been splinted
Shock (see text pg 733)
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Circulatory system fails to deliver blood
to all parts of the body
Life threatening condition
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Types
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Insulin
Traumatic (sudden injury)
Anaphylactic (sting)
Shock
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Signals of Traumatic Shock
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Restlessness or irritability
Altered consciousness
Pale, cool, moist skin (clammy)
Looks disoriented
Rapid breathing (irregular shallow)
Rapid pulse
Dilated pupils
Best treatment-
lie victim down, elevate legs, cover lightly
Caring for Shock
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Lie down and rest
Control external bleeding
Maintain normal body temp
Elevate legs if injuries allow
Only water at room temperature
Make sure advanced help is on the way
Control Bleeding
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Cover with a dressing and press firmly,
applying direct pressure
Cover dressing with non-stick bandage
(rollar/ pressure bandage) w/ direct pressure
If bleeding doesn’t stop
 Add additional dressings over top of
original dressings
Don’t remove objects lodged in wound.
Immobilizing Muscle, Bone &
Joint Injuries
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Splint: technique used to keep injured part
from moving
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Types
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Anatomic- Uses another part of victims body
Soft- easily shaped to injured area to minimize
movement
Rigid- hard object that minimizes movement
Splinting
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Only if victim must be moved
Only if you can do without causing more
pain
Splint in position you found it
Splint above and below site of injury
Check for proper circulation before and
after splinting (feeling, warmth, & color)
Steps to Splinting
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Support injured area
Check circulation (feeling, warmth, color)
Place splint
Tie splint in place
Recheck circulation
Sudden Illness
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Stroke – blocked or broken blood vessels in brain
Seizure
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Diabetic Emergency
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Do not hold or restrain victim
Do not place anything in their mouth
Remove objects that may cause injury
Help victim remain calm & get medication
Poisoning/ Allergic Reactions
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Call 911 & Poison Control #
Caring for Sudden Illnesses
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Care for life threatening conditions
Have victim rest in comfortable position
Keep from getting chilled or over heated
No food or water
Reassure victim
Send someone to meet EMS
Ask about medical conditions & medications
Monitor, try to minimize risk of shock
Watch for changes in consciousness or
breathing