Download first aid - East Penn School District

American Red Cross
First Aid/CPR/AED
For Schools & the Community
Lay Responder
(non-professional)
Deciding to Act
 Consent to give first aid
 Actual consent Implied consent-
Good Samaritan Law Article
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How many states have enacted this law?
Why was it DEVELOPED?
What does the law protect you from?
What doesn’t the law protect you from?
List the 5 things you must do so the law will protect
you?
Do No Further Harm Article
1.
2.
3.
List the 3 reasons you would have to move an
injured victim?
What should you AVOID when you are moving an
injured victim?
What is the proper technique called to move an
unconscious or severely injured victim.
Universal Precautions p. 711
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Universal Precautions1.
2.
3.
Follow any situation with possible contact with blood
and other bodily fluids.
Emergency Action Principles
 Check
 Scene
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Safe?
Clues
# of victims
Bystanders to help
 Victim
 Injuries
 Life threatening conditions
 Unconscious
 Trouble breathing
 Chest pain or pressure
 Call
 911 or local emergency # for ambulance & get an AED if
available
 Give
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Exact location
Telephone #
What happened
# and condition of victims
What help is being given
DON’T HANG UP TILL DISPATCHER DOES!
 Care for victim
 Life threatening injuries 1st
 Less severe
 Help victim stay calm, relaxed
Checking Conscious Adult
 State your name, certifications,obtain consent and ask
what happened.
 Check for life threatening injuries, from head to toe.
(A,B,C,S)
 Do not ask the victim to move and do not move the
victim.
 Look for a medical alert tag and ask questions.
 Call 911 or have someone call if serious.
Position Terms:
 Supine - On their back
 Prone- Face down
 Recovery- On the side( roll as one unit, no twisting.
Checking Unconscious Adult See
1. Check the scene text pg 723
2. Tap & Shout“Are you alright?”
3. “Go call 911.” & get AED
4. Check for Signs of Life (A, B, C’ S)
 Open airway Head Tilt Chin Lift (tilt head back, lift chin)
listen for breathing no more than 10sec.
 If suspect back, neck or head injury Do not Tilt
Neck
 Breathing: recovery position
Choking Terms P.725
 Partial Airway Obstruction- when a victim can
partially move air to and from the lungs, cough, &
speak.
 Complete Airway Obstruction- When a victim can no
longer speak, cough, breath.
 Universal distress Signal-
Conscious Choking Adult (
Breathing
Emergencies)
 1. GET
CONSENT
 2. Give 5 Back Blows
 3. Give 5 Abdominal thrusts
 4. Alternate until choking stops or they become
unconscious.
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Stand behind victim
Find belly button
Make fist with other hand
Place thumb side of fist against middle of victims abdomen (just
above belly button)
 Grab fist with other hand
 Quick upward thrusts
 CONTINUE UNTIL- object is up, victim can breath, coughs on
own, or victim becomes unconscious
* Chest Thrusts- obese, pregnant females
If you are alone & Choking
1.
2.
3.
Give yourself abdominal Thrusts
Use the back of a tall chair to perform the thrusts
for you.
Call 911 from a land line phone( they will trace call)
Unconscious Choking Adult
-Find hand position
5. 30 chest compressions ( at least 2in. Deep))
6. 2 rescue breaths
7. If don’t go in continue RE-TILT & TRY AGAIN
8. Continue with 30 compressions
9. Look for object
- if you see one remove it
10. 2 more breaths
11. Continue with cycles
How to Give A Rescue Breath
 1. Head Tilt Chin Lift (open airway) and pinch
nose.
 2. Give a slow breath with a complete seal
(each breath should last 1 sec.)
 3. Watch the chest rise
 Gastric Distention- when you ventilate(
breath) too hard and the air skips the lungs
and goes into the stomach.
Unconscious Choking Adult
 Stop cycles if
 Object removed
 Chest rises with rescue breaths
 Check for signs of circulation
 If none continue with compressions and breaths
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Victim starts breathing on own
EMS arrives & takes over
Someone else takes over
If you are too exhausted to continue
After 5 Cycles Re-check for SIGNS OF LIFE
If you DO NOT know they are choking
After the first set of rescue breathes for an ADULT &
the breaths DO NOT go in
-YOU REPOSITION & TRY THE BREATHS AGAIN!
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
 See text pg 734
 No Signs of Life, No AED, Unconscious
 Adult- 12 years or older
 Place yourself midway between the
head & chest (kneeling)
CPR
 1. Give 30 Chest Compressions
 1 1/2 -2 inches deep
 Takes about 18 sec (rate of approx 100 per min)
 2. Give 2 rescue breaths
 Lasts about 1 sec each
 Continue sets of 30 compressions & 2 breaths for
2mins or 5 cycles then re-check for signs of life.
 Once CPR is started continue until
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See signs of life
Scene is unsafe
AED available
Too exhausted
Someone takes over
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Cardiac Chain of Survival
4 links
1. Early recognition and access to emergency system
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call 911
2. Early CPR
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keeps blood and oxygen flow to organs,
prevents brain damage and death
3. Early Defibrillation
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Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
- Electronic shock to heart
4. Early Advanced Life support
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Paramedics
Automated External Defibrillator
(AED)
 Child (1-8 or less than 55lbs) pediatric pads
 Do not use on metal, water
 Cell phone at least 6ft. away
 Can use with a pace maker
 Remove clothing on chest & wipe chest
 Remove nitroglycerin pads
 AED will talk you through procedures
**FOR EVRY MINUTE THE AED IS NOT IN USE IT
DECREASES THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL BY
10%
Recognizing a heart attack
 Heart Attack- deathp.739
of cardiac muscle to the
heart due to a blockage
 Signs ( most people ignore or deny)
 Chest discomfort or pain (may spread to other body
areas)
 Sweating
 Nausea
 Shortness of breath
 General ill feeling
 Deaths are reduced by recognizing early
symptoms of heart attack
Cardiac Arrest
 Cardiac Arrest- when the heart stops following a
heart attack/blockage
Sudden Cardiac Arrest- is when the heart stops
beating suddenly & unexpectedly, when this happens
bloods stop flowing to all vital organs
 Respiratory Arrest- when breathing stops
Each year there are approx. 300,000 cardiac arrests
outside of the hospital. 2000 of those occur under the
age of 25 & lead to premature death.
Clinical & Biological Death
The best chance of survival is within the first 4 mins.
 Clinical Death- after breathing & circulation have
stopped you have 4-6 minutes of stored oxygen
before your cells begin to die.
 Biological Death- after 10 minutes, brain activity stops.
Injuries
 Check
 Scene
 Victim
 Life threatening
 Head to toe
 Call 911
 Care
 Give care until help arrives
 Types
Injuries
 Wounds/ Burns (Soft Tissue)
 Muscle, Bone, & Joint
Muscles, Bones, & Joints pg.
716
 Muscles
 Strain: tearing or stretching of muscles or tendons
 Tendons- strong fibers that attach muscle to bone
 Bones
 Fracture: a break, chip, or crack in a bone
 Types:
 Open (compound)
 Closed (simple)
 Deformity, snap, and pain may be present
Muscles, Bones, & Joints
 Joints
 Sprain: tearing of ligaments at a joint
 Wrist, knee, ankle, & finger
 Ligaments- strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach bone
to bone
 Dislocation: the movement of a bone out of its
position in the joint. Usually caused by a violent force
tearing the ligaments that hold the bone in place.
 Finger
 Apply ice, immobilize and go to doctor
 **** Do not try to pull it out
Muscles, Bones, & Joints
 Signs of severe injury:
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Can not move or use body part
A snap or a pop is heard
Bone is visible
Significant bruising, swelling, or deformity
Care for Muscle, Bone & Joint
Injuries
 R- Rest
 I- Immobilization
 C- Cold
Apply ice for up to 72 hours
 20 min on 20 min off
 E- Elevate
** Keep part immobile, if have to move victim, 1st splint injury. Do
not elevate a severe injury unless it has been splinted
Immobilizing Muscle, Bone &
Joint Injuries
 Splint:
 Types
 Anatomical- Splinting an uninjured body part to an injured
body part.
 Ex’s Soft Ex’s Rigid Ex’s-
Guidelines to Splinting
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Only if victim must be moved
Only if you can do without causing more pain
Splint in position you found it
Splint above and below site of injury
Check for proper circulation before and after splinting
(feeling, warmth, & color)
Steps to Splinting
1.Support injured area
2.Check circulation
3.Place splint
4.Tie splint in place
5.Recheck circulation
Care for Wounds (External Bleeding)
 Minor Wounds
Pg. 740
 Cleaned & covered
 Open Wounds
 Control bleeding
 Prevent infection
 Clean & cover
 Closed Wounds
 Apply cold
 Major Wounds
 Call “911” and control bleeding
Wounds 740
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Bruise
Incision
Laceration
Abrasion
Avulsion
Puncture
Infection-
Bleeding
 Use Latex Gloves
 Arterial- bright red (oxygenated)
 Venous- darker blood
** Approximately 2 pint per 25 pounds
Clues to Internal Bleeding
 Tender, swollen, bruised or hard areas of the
body
 Cool, moist, pale or bluish skin
 Vomiting or coughing up blood
 Excessive thirst
 Confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious
** Serious Internal Bleeding- Call “911”
immediately
Control Bleeding Pg. 742
1.
Cover with a dressing and press firmly using Direct
Pressure
Elevate Injury
2.
3. If bleeding doesn’t stop
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Add additional dressings over top
Shock
(see text pg 733)
 Circulatory system fails to deliver blood to all parts of
the body
 Life threatening condition
 Types
 Insulin
 Traumatic (sudden injury)
 Anaphylactic (sting, medication, seafood etc.)
Shock
 Signals of Traumatic Shock
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Restlessness or irritability
Altered consciousness
Pale, cool, moist skin
Looks disoriented
Rapid breathing
Rapid pulse
Dilated pupils
Caring for Shock
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Lie down and rest
Control external bleeding
Maintain normal body temp
Elevate legs if injuries allow
Only water at room temperature
Make sure advanced help is on the way
Seizure P. 712
 Seizure
 Do not hold or restrain victim
 Do not place anything in their mouth
( unless trained)
 Remove objects that may cause injury
 Cushion head/place something under head
Sudden Illness Pg. 712
 Stroke
 Diabetic Emergency
 Help victim remain calm & get medication
 Poisoning/ Allergic Reactions
 Call 911 & Poison Control #
Caring for Sudden Illnesses
 Care for life threatening conditions
 Have victim rest in comfortable position
 Keep from getting chilled or over heated
 No food or water
 Reassure victim
 Send someone to meet EMS
 Ask about medical conditions & medications
 Monitor, try to minimize risk of shock
 Watch for changes in consciousness or
breathing