Download First Aid - East Penn School District

American Red Cross
First Aid/CPR/AED
For Schools & the Community
Lay Responder
(non-professional)
Deciding to Act
• Consent to give first aid
• Actual consent• Implied consent-
- definition
-if its an adult
- child with and without parent
-mentally competent/non-mentally
competent
Good Samaritan Law Article
1. How many states have enacted this
law?
2. Why was it DEVELOPED?
3. What does the law protect you from?
4. What doesn’t the law protect you
from?
5. List the 5 things you must do so the
law will protect you?
Do No Further Harm Article
1. List the 3 reasons you would have to
move an injured victim?
2. What should you AVOID when you are
moving an injured victim?
3. What is the proper technique called to
move an unconscious or severely
injured victim.
Universal Precautions p. 711
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•
•
Universal Precautions1.
2.
3.
Follow any situation with possible
contact with blood and other bodily
fluids.
Emergency Action Principles ( 3C’s)
• Check
– Scene
•
•
•
•
Safe?
Clues
# of victims
Bystanders to help
– Victim
• Injuries
• Life threatening conditions
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–
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Unconscious
Trouble breathing
Chest pain or pressure
No pulse
Bleeding severely
• Call
– 911 or local emergency # for ambulance &
get an AED if available
– Give
• Exact location
• Telephone #
• What happened
• # and condition of victims
• What help is being given
• DON’T HANG UP TILL DISPATCHER DOES!
• Care for victim
– Life threatening injuries 1st ( ABCS)
– Less severe
– Help victim stay calm, relaxed
Checking Conscious Adult
1. State your name, certifications,obtain
consent and ask what happened.
2. Check for life threatening injuries, from
head to toe. (A,B,C,S)
3. Do not ask the victim to move and do
not move the victim.
4. Look for a medical alert tag and ask
questions.
5. Call 911 or have someone call if
serious.
Position Terms:
• Supine - On their back
• Prone- Face down
• Recovery- On the side( roll as one unit,
no twisting.
Checking Unconscious Adult
1.
2.
3.
4.
See text pg 723
Check the scene
Tap & Shout“Are you alright?”
“Go call 911.” & get AED
Check for Signs of Life (A, B, C’ S)
– Open airway Head Tilt Chin Lift (tilt head
back, lift chin) listen for breathing no more
than 10sec.
• If suspect back, neck or head injury Do
not Tilt Neck
– Breathing: recovery position
Choking Terms P.725
• Partial Airway Obstruction- when a
victim can partially move air to and
from the lungs, cough, & speak.
• Complete Airway Obstruction- When a
victim can no longer speak, cough,
breath.
– Universal distress Signal-
Conscious Choking Adult ( Breathing
Emergencies)
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•
•
•
•
1. GET CONSENT
2. Call 911 & get an AED
3. Give 5 Back Blows
4. Give 5 Abdominal thrusts
5. Alternate until choking stops or they become
unconscious.
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–
–
–
Stand behind victim
Find belly button
Make fist with other hand
Place thumb side of fist against middle of victims abdomen
(just above belly button)
– Grab fist with other hand
– Quick upward thrusts
– CONTINUE UNTIL- object is up, victim can breath, coughs
on own, or victim becomes unconscious
* Chest Thrusts- obese, pregnant females
If you are alone & Choking
1. Give yourself abdominal Thrusts
2. Use the back of a tall chair to perform
the thrusts for you.
3. Call 911 from a land line phone( they
will trace call)
Unconscious Choking
- Find hand placement ( heal middle of sternum)
5. 30 chest compressions( at least 2in deep)
6. 2 Rescue Breaths
7. If breaths don’t go in, RE-TILT & TRY AGAIN
8. 30 chest compressions
9. LOOK FOR OBJECT
10. 2 more breaths
11. Continue with cycles
How to Give A Rescue Breath
• 1. Head Tilt Chin Lift (open airway) and pinch
nose.
• 2. Give a slow breath with a complete seal
(each breath should last 1 sec.)
• 3. Watch the chest rise
• Gastric Distention- when you ventilate(
breath) too hard and the air skips the lungs
and goes into the stomach.
Unconscious Choking Adult
• Stop cycles if
– Object removed
– Chest rises with rescue breaths
• Check for signs of circulation
• If none continue with compressions and breaths
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–
–
–
Victim starts breathing on own
EMS arrives & takes over
Someone else takes over
If you are too exhausted to continue
After 5 Cycles Re-check for SIGNS OF LIFE
If you DO NOT know they are choking
After the first set of rescue breathes for
an ADULT & the breaths DO NOT go in
-YOU REPOSITION & TRY THE
BREATHS AGAIN!
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
• See text pg 734
• No Signs of Life, No AED,
Unconscious
• Adult- 12 years or older
– Place yourself midway between
the head & chest (kneeling)
CPR
• 1. Give 30 Chest Compressions
– At least 2 inches deep
– Takes about 18 sec (rate of approx 100 per min)
• 2. Give 2 rescue breaths
– Lasts about 1 sec each
– Continue sets of 30 compressions & 2
breaths for 2mins or 5 cycles then re-check
for signs of life.
• Once CPR is started continue until
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–
–
–
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See signs of life
Scene is unsafe
AED available
Too exhausted
Someone takes over
Cardiac Chain of Survival
•
4 links
1. Early recognition and access to emergency
system
-
call 911
2. Early CPR
-
keeps blood and oxygen flow to organs,
prevents brain damage and death
3. Early Defibrillation
-
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
- Electronic shock to heart
4. Early Advanced Life support
-
Paramedics
Hearts Electrical System
The hearts electrical system sends out
signals to pump blood, but if the heart
is damaged by a disease or injury the
electrical system can be disrupted.
- Fibrillation- most common abnormal
heart rhythm that causes sudden
cardiac arrest occurs when ventricles
quiver.
Hearts electrical system continued..
• Ventricle Fibrillation or V-Fib- electrical
impulses fire at random
• Ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach)electrical system tells ventricles to
contract too quickly
Automated External Defibrillator
(AED)
• Child (1-8 or less than 55lbs) pediatric pads
• Do not use in water
• Cell phone at least 6ft. away
• Can use with a pace maker
• Remove clothing on chest & wipe chest
• Remove nitroglycerin pads
• AED will talk you through procedures
**FOR EVRY MINUTE THE AED IS NOT IN USE
IT DECREASES THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL
BY 10%
AED Steps
1. TURN ON AED
AND JUST SIT AND LISTEN TO DIRECTIONS……
1. Remove clothing from chest/wipe chest dry
2. Place Electrode pads on person’s chest
3. Plug in connecter
3. Analyzing rhythm, stand clear
4. Shock advised
5. Push shock
6. Start 5 cycles of CPR
7. Re-analyzing rhythm stand clear
Recognizing a heart attack p.739
• Heart Attack- death of cardiac muscle to the
heart due to a blockage
• Signs ( most people ignore or deny)
– Chest discomfort or pain (may spread to other
body areas)
– Sweating
– Nausea
– Shortness of breath
– General ill feeling
• Deaths are reduced by recognizing early
symptoms of heart attack
Cardiac Arrest
• Cardiac Arrest- when the heart stops following a
heart attack/blockage
Sudden Cardiac Arrest- is when the heart stops
beating suddenly & unexpectedly, when this happens
bloods stop flowing to all vital organs
• Respiratory Arrest- when breathing stops
Each year there are approx. 300,000 cardiac arrests
outside of the hospital. 2000 of those occur under
the age of 25 & lead to premature death.
Clinical & Biological Death
The best chance of survival is within
the first 4 mins.
• Clinical Death- after breathing &
circulation have stopped you have 4-6
minutes of stored oxygen before your
cells begin to die.
• Biological Death- after 10 minutes,
brain activity stops.
Injuries
• Check
– Scene
– Victim
• Life threatening
• Head to toe
• Call 911
• Care
– Give care until help arrives
Injuries
• Types
– Wounds/ Burns (Soft Tissue)
– Muscle, Bone, & Joint
Muscles, Bones, & Joints pg. 716
• Muscles
– Strain: tearing or stretching of muscles or
tendons
• Tendons- strong fibers that attach muscle to
bone
• Bones
– Fracture: a break, chip, or crack in a bone
• Types:
– Open (compound)
– Closed (simple)
• Deformity, snap, and pain may be present
Muscles, Bones, & Joints Pg. 717
• Joints
– Sprain: tearing of ligaments at a joint
• Wrist, knee, ankle, & finger
• Ligaments- strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach
bone to bone
– Dislocation: the movement of a bone out of its
position in the joint. Usually caused by a violent
force tearing the ligaments that hold the bone in
place.
• Finger
– Apply ice, immobilize and go to doctor
– **** Do not try to pull it out
Muscles, Bones, & Joints
• Signs of severe injury:
– Can not move or use body part
– A snap or a pop is heard
– Bone is visible
– Significant bruising, swelling, or deformity
Care for Muscle, Bone & Joint
Injuries PG. 717
• R- Rest
• I- Immobilization
• C- Cold
Apply ice for up to 72 hours
• 20 min on 20 min off
• E- Elevate
** Keep part immobile, if have to move victim, 1st splint injury. Do
not elevate a severe injury unless it has been splinted
Immobilizing Muscle, Bone & Joint
Injuries PG. 716
• Splint:
• Types
• Anatomical- Splinting an uninjured body part to
an injured body part.
• Ex’s• Soft• Ex’s• Rigid•
Ex’s-
Guidelines to Splinting
• Only if victim must be moved
• Only if you can do without causing
more pain
• Splint in position you found it
• Splint above and below site of injury
• Check for proper circulation before and
after splinting (feeling, warmth, & color)
Steps to Splinting
1.Support injured area
2.Check circulation
3.Place splint
4.Tie splint in place
5.Recheck circulation
Care for Wounds (External Bleeding)
Pg. 740
• Minor Wounds
– Cleaned & covered
– Open Wounds
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection
– Clean & cover
– Closed Wounds
• Apply cold
• Major Wounds
– Call “911” and control bleeding
Wounds 740
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•
•
•
•
Bruise
Incision
Laceration
Abrasion
Avulsion
* If you cut off a finger you would put it
in_______ and take it with you.
• Puncture
Infection-
Bleeding
• Use Latex Gloves
• Arterial- bright red (oxygenated)
• Venous- darker blood
** Approximately 2 pint per 25 pounds
Clues to Internal Bleeding
• Tender, swollen, bruised or hard areas of the
body
• Cool, moist, pale or bluish skin
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Excessive thirst
• Confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious
** Serious Internal Bleeding- Call “911”
immediately
Control Bleeding
Pg. 742
1. Cover with a dressing and press firmly
using Direct Pressure
2. Elevate Injury
3. If bleeding doesn’t stop
– Add additional dressings over top
Shock
(see text pg 733)
• Circulatory system fails to deliver blood
to all parts of the body
• Life threatening condition
• Types
– Insulin
– Traumatic (sudden injury)
– Anaphylactic (sting, medication, seafood
etc.)
Shock
• Signals of Traumatic Shock
– Restlessness or irritability
– Altered consciousness
– Pale, cool, moist skin
– Looks disoriented
– Rapid breathing
– Rapid pulse
– Dilated pupils
Caring for Shock
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•
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•
•
Lie down and rest
Control external bleeding
Maintain normal body temp
Elevate legs if injuries allow
Make sure advanced help is on the way
Seizure P. 712
• Seizure
– Do not hold or restrain victim
– Do not place anything in their mouth
( unless trained)
– Remove objects that may cause injury
– Cushion head/place something under head
– PUT IN RECOVERY POSITION? WHY?
Sudden Illness
Pg. 712
• Stroke
• Diabetic Emergency
– Help victim remain calm & get medication
• Poisoning/ Allergic Reactions
– Call 911 & Poison Control #
Caring for Sudden Illnesses
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Care for life threatening conditions
Have victim rest in comfortable position
Keep from getting chilled or over heated
No food or water
Reassure victim
Send someone to meet EMS
Ask about medical conditions & medications
Monitor, try to minimize risk of shock
Watch for changes in consciousness or
breathing