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Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________ Period:____________
Honors Biology – Study Guide for Cells & Cell Transport
**These are sample questions to guide your studying – you are responsible for all material
from notes, homework assignments, quizzes, and classwork.**
I can compare and contrast the three steps of cellular respiration.
1. What is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
2. Why is cellular respiration important for living organisms?
Provides energy for all living organisms to be able to perform necessary life
functions.
3. What is ATP, NADH, and FADH2?
ATP is an energy molecules, where NADH and FADH2 are energy transporting
molecules.
4. Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and anaerobic respiration lacks oxygen.
5. Describe Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron transport Chain
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration that is an anaerobic process in
which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
Krebs Cycle is a series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon
dioxide inside the mitochondria of the cells.
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons
to create more ATP.
Answer the following for each step of cellular respiration:
a. Aerobic or anaerobic process?
Glycolysis is anaerobic
Krebs Cycle and ETC is aerobic
b. What cell structure is the site for each step?
Glycolysis takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria
ETC takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
c. What is broken down? What is produced?
In Glycolysis Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acids molecules
In Krebs cycle AceytolCoA is broken down into CO2 and NADH and FADH2
In the ETC NADH and FADH2 are converted into ATP and H2O
d. How many ATP are produced in each step?
Glycolysis = 2 Net
Krebs Cycle = 2
Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________ Period:____________
ETC = 34
TOTAL = 38
I can relate the structure and function of cell organelles.
I can compare and contrast the cell structure of plant & animal calls
1. Describe the function of the following and identify if they are found in animal cells,
plant cells, or both
a. Plasma membrane - A flexible boundary that controls the movement of
substances into and out of the cell. Found in both cells
b. Cell wall - An inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant
cell. Found in Plant Cells
c. Vacuole – A membrane-bound vesicle for the temporary storage of materials.
Found in both
d. Mitochondria - A membrane-bound organelle that makes energy available to
the rest of the cell. Found in both
e. Golgi apparatus – A flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies
proteins and pages them for distribution outside the cell. Found in both.
f. Nucleolus – Site of ribosome production inside the nucleus. Found in both
cells.
g. Nucleus- Control center of the cell that contains coded directions for the
production of proteins and cell division. Found in both cells
h. Endoplasmic reticulum – A highly folded membrane that is the site of protein
synthesis. Found in both.
i. Chloroplast – A double-membrane organelle that contains chlorophyll where
photosynthesis takes place. Found in plants
j. Cytoplasm - The jelly-like semi-fluid that holds all organelles in place. Found
in all cells
k. Centriole – Organelles that occur in pairs and are important for cell division.
Found in animal cells.
l. Ribosome – Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis. Found in both
cells.
I can explain the relationships between the cell membrane and cell transport.
1. What is meant by semipermeable membrane?
Some substances can enter and exit the membrane while others are hindered.
2. How phospholipids are arranged within the cell membrane and why is this
arrangement important?
Phospholipids are arranged in the cell in the form of a bilayer. This is important
because it allows the membrane to form in a watery environment and allow for the
transport of select molecules.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________ Period:____________
3. Describe hydrophilic and hydrophobic. How is this related to the cell membrane?
Hydrophilic means that the molecule likes water and hydrophobic means that the
molecule does not like water. The cell membrane is made of special lipid molecules
called phospholipids that have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Because the
tail does like water it arranges it’s self in a way that protects the tails and positions
the heads on the outside creating a sandwich or bilayer.
4. What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport moves molecules from an area of high concentration to low
concentration without the use of energy. Active transport requires energy to move
molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration.
5. Describe the role of the cell membrane in passive and active transport.
The cell membrane is the organelle that allows the molecules to be transported
across the cell membrane.
6. Which molecules can pass through the membrane in passive transport?
Small molecules are able to pass through the membrane during passive transport.
In diffusion uncharged particles moved freely through the cell membrane but in
Facilitated diffusion charged particles will need help to move through the cell
membrane by the use of protein pumps.
7. Which molecules can pass through the membrane during active transport?
In active transport large or charged molecules can pass through the cell membrane
with the use of energy.
8. Compare diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low
concentration and osmosis the movement of water.
9. What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion the molecules go straight through the cell membrane but with
facilitated diffusion the molecules use protein channels to facilitate the movement of
charged particles.
10. Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic.
a. Draw a picture to represent each.
11. Dots represent the salt or solute.
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________ Period:____________
a. Which direction will water move in each?
Hypertonic = out of cell
Hypotonic = into cell
Isotonic = in and out of cell at same rate
b. What effect will occur to the cell based on the movement of water?
Hypertonic = Cell will shrink
Hypotonic = Cell will expand and maybe explode
Isotonic = No change
12. What is active transport? Which direction do molecules move in active transport?
Describe how the sodium-potassium pump functions.
Active transport is the movement of large molecules from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration. Protein pumps facilitate this movement when ATP
(Energy) bind to them. The open up and transport the molecule to an area of higher
concentration.
13. Describe the following: endocytosis and exocytosis.
Endocytosis = A form of active transport where the cell membrane engulfs a large
particle.
Exocytosis = A form of active transport where the cell expels a large particle
Phagocytosis = Ingestion of large solid particle
Pinocytosis – Ingestion of large liquid substance
I can explain the relationship between cell size and cell function.
1. What is the key factor that limits the size of a cell?
The ratio of volume to cell surface
2. Explain why a high ratio of surface area to volume benefits a cell.
A large surface area makes the cell more efficient. The cell membrane will be able
to diffuse more nutrients into the cell and remove more waste products. As the ratio
between the volume and surface area gets bigger the cell might not function
properly because it can’t diffuse the material into the cell or out of the cell at a rate
that would be desirable. This might cause a backup of waste products in the cell.
I can draw conclusions about cell specialization.
1. Why are cells specialized? Why are all cells in an organism not identical in size and
shape? What is the same between all cells in an organism?
Cells are specialized to carry out a specific function. This way they can be designed
to fit their specific job and are not all shaped the same way. However all cells
contain the same basic building blocks (cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes) to
help them function.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________ Period:____________
2. Describe some examples of specialized cells in the human body.
White blood cell – Protects the body against disease
Nerve cell – Send “messages” to other parts of the body
Skin Cell – determines skin pigmentation
Red Blood Cell – carries oxygen around the body