Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CHAPTER 14 GLOBAL ENCOUNTERS & RELIGIOUS REFORMS, 1492-1560 Widening Horizons 1. By the end of the _________________ century, in contrast, ____________ could no longer be ignored. The ______________ and ______________, inspired by a crusading spirit against _________ and by riches to be won through trade in ___________________, sailed across the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The ______________, ______________, and _______________ followed a century later, creating a new global exchange of people, crops, and diseases that would shape the ____________________ world. As a result of these European expeditions, the people of the Americas for the first time confronted forces that threatened to destroy not only their _________________ but even their _________________. 2. What motivated Portugal to find a sea route to South and Southeast Asia? How did the caravel help their explorers? 3. Analyze Map 14.1, Early Voyages of World Exploration on p. 422. Notice the extent of European exploration by 1522, and be familiar with the names and voyages of the explorers on the map. 4. By 1517, why would the Portuguese claim that they had turned the Indian Ocean into a “Portuguese Lake?” 5. What were the three clear objectives of Christopher Columbus’ voyages? How did Columbus’ second voyage differ in size from his first voyage? What does this size difference tell you about the new objective? 6. How did Columbus begin the trans-Atlantic slave trade? 7. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) accomplish? 8. In what two ways did the European voyages of discovery initiate a new era in slavery? 9. Where was the destination for many of the African slaves transported by Portuguese slave traders? 10. What is the dual legacy (positive and negative) of the writings of Bartolome de las Casas? 11. How were the Spanish under Cortes and Pizarro so easily able to conquer / overcome the empires of the Aztecs and Incas, respectively? 12. The __________ and ______________ mines in Mexico proved a treasure trove for the Spanish crown, but the real prize was the discovery of vast ____________ deposits in ____________ (today in Bolivia). When the Spaniards began importing the gold and silver they found in the New World, _____________ soared in a fashion never before witnessed in Europe. 13. Where did the French and the Dutch become active in the seventeenth century world of exploration? 14. Analyze the Columbian Exchange (as described in the last paragraph of the section on p 426). Note the wide variety of plants, foods, animals, and diseases exchanged between the New and Old Worlds in the time period after Columbus’ arrival in the Americas. Make special note of the effect of this Exchange on Native American population. Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas porcelain -- Prince Henry the Navigator -- Vasco da Gama -- Pedro Alvares Cabral -- Bartolome de las Casas -- Ferdinand Magellan -- Protestant Reformation 1. Why was the invention of the first European printing press in 1453 such a unique invention? What changes was it destined to bring to European society (see the first full paragraph on p. 427)? 2. The __________________of Europe had taken many centuries to complete, and by 1500 most people in Europe believed _____________. However, the vast majority of them had little knowledge of _______________doctrine … Urban __________________ and _________________ (the new bourgeoisie), more likely than the general population to be _______________ and ______________ of their local priests, yearned for a faith more meaningful to their daily lives and for a clergy more responsive to their needs … The _________________ resented the funneling of the Catholic church's rich endowments to the younger children of the nobility who took up religious callings to protect the ________________ of their families. 3. Define Christian Humanism. 4. What beliefs of Desiderius Erasmus would qualify him as a Christian Humanist? 5. What is meant by the saying that, “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched? 6. How does Thomas More’s book Utopia reflect the thinking of a Christian humanist? 7. The Christian humanists offered stirring visions of a better future, but _____________, _________________, __________________, and any idea of Utopia would all be submerged in the coming flood of _____________________________. 8. As Martin Luther developed in his faith, what “crisis of conscience” developed inside him? How was this related to the sacrament of penance? 9. When did Luther finally find peace within himself? How did his revelation conflict with the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church? 10. What were indulgences? Why did Luther see these as corrupt? 11. What were the 95 Theses? What was the effect of their publication? What groups came to support Luther most in his cause? 12. What was the main idea of the following three of Luther’s works: a. Freedom of a Christian -- b. To the Nobility of the German Nation -- c. On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church -- 13. Spread by the ______________________, Luther's ideas circulated throughout the _________________________, letting loose forces that neither the church nor Luther could control. ____________, ______________, and ________________ protests fused with lower-class resentments, much as in the Czech movement that _________________ had inspired a century earlier. 14. What was the Diet of Worms (1521)? What was its result? How was Luther “protected?” 15. What were Huldrych Zwingli’s “protestant” beliefs? How did his ideas differ from Luther’s? 16. What city became the center of Calvinism? 17. What did Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion accomplish? 18. Define predestination. How did Calvin apply it in the Calvinist religion? Who were the “elect?” 19. Fusing church and society into what followers named the _______________ church, Geneva became a ________________________ dominated by ____________ and the ________________ of the Reformed church. Its people were rigorously ___________________; detractors said that they were ______________. 20. The Calvinist movement spread to _____________, the _____________, _______________, ___________________, the German states, Poland, Hungary, and eventually ______________________, becoming the established form of the Reformation in many of these countries. 21. What marriage conflict led Henry VIII to begin the Protestant Reformation in England? 22. Why was Pope Clement VII put in an awkward political position when Henry VIII asked for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon (think @ Catherine’s family relation, and their family position in regards to Clement)? 23. What was significant about the Act of Supremacy (1534)? 24. What was the “Dissolution of the Monasteries?” How did this decrease Henry’s potential financial control of England? 25. When Henry died in 1547, the principle of ______________________ in religious matters was firmly established, but much would now depend on who held the ________________. Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas movable type -- popular piety -- Johann Tetzel -- Charles V -- Frederick the Wise -- Affair of the Placards -- Michael Servetus -- Reshaping Society Through Religion 1. What causes the German Peasants Revolt of 1525? 2. What groups, and what key figure, resisted the rebels? 3. Fundamentally __________________ in its political philosophy, the _______________ church henceforth depended on established political authority for its protection. It lost supporters in _________ areas and became an increasingly __________ phenomenon. The ultimate victors were the _____________________. They defeated the ____________, sided with __________, and confronted the Holy Roman Emperor, _____________, who declared Roman Catholicism the empire's only legitimate religion. The ____________________ of the Holy Roman Empire only increased as people came to support their ______________ princes against Charles' _________________ orthodoxy. 4. What were the main beliefs of the Anabaptists? Who tended to support them? 5. What did the Anabaptist War in Munster in 1534 – 35 demonstrate about the power of the newly formed Protestant churches? 6. How did the new middle-class, urban Protestant orders shape and develop the new Protestant religions? What were their outward signs of Protestant devotion and worship? 7. The new emphasis on ______________________ led to growing impatience with the ________, now viewed as lacking ____________________, and greater emphasis on regulation of ___________________, now seen as critical to social discipline in general. 8. What were two reasons that secular governments began to take over responsibility for the poor from religious institutions? 9. What came to be the distinction between “God’s poor” and vagabonds in the late sixteenth century? 10. The ___________________ provided an opportunity to restructure relief for the poor. Instead of decentralized, _______________________ often overseen by __________________ orders, Protestant magistrates appointed officials to head ____________________ that would certify the ________________ and distribute ________________________ to them. This development progressed rapidly in _____________ areas, where ________________ was most visible, and transcended religious divisions. 11. How did the Protestant Reformation change the institution of marriage? 12. In many ____________________ countries, the new marriage ordinances also required _________________ consent, thus giving householders immense power in regulating not only __________________ but also the transmission of _________________________. 13. How did the Roman Catholic Church react to the new Protestant Reformation? What specific actions were taken by the Council of Trent to make Catholicism stronger in the years ahead? Were any beliefs drastically changed by the Council? 14. The Council of Trent marked a watershed; henceforth, the _______________ between Protestant and Catholic remained _________________, and all hopes of reconciliation faded. The focus of the Catholic church turned now to _______________________________________. 15. What effects did the creation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) have on Catholicism in the years ahead? How did the order come to be highly influential in Europe and abroad? 16. What effect did Christian missionaries have in the Americas and in Asia? Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas Vulgate -- Menno Simons -- William Tyndale -- Pope Paul III --- Index of Prohibited Books -- Francis Xavier -- Ch. 14, sec. 4 -- “A Struggle for Mastery” Notes Overview: In the sixteenth century, conflicts generated by the Reformation posed new challenges to the ambitions of rulers. Even as courts continued to sponsor the arts and literature of the Renaissance, princes and kings seized opportunities to build stronger states by fighting wars. Wars justified increased taxes, and growing revenues fostered the creation of a central bureaucracy housed at court. Victory on the battlefield translated into territory and just as important into reputation and awe. But victory required skills in making war; monarchs eagerly sought new military technology and battlefield ploys. One major obstacle complicated these efforts at state building: religious division. Could states maintain their authority if individuals were allowed to choose their religion? Almost everywhere, violence failed to settle religious differences. By 1560, an exhausted Europe had achieved a provisional peace, but one fraught with the seeds of future conflict (Hunt 441). The High Renaissance Court Court defined as the ruler’s ____________________. Gathered around the prince were a community of ___________ ____________________________________________________________ Main representative was _____________________________________. Francis I of France (______________). Royal household employed _____________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________. Significance of the hunt: _______________________________ _______________________________________________________ Ludovico Ariosto: Achievement & Significance: Baldassare Castiglione: Achievement & Significance: Nicolo Machiavelli: Achievement & Significance: Dynastic Wars Hapsburg Family ruled _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________. Valois Family Ruled __________________________________ 1525, Battle of Pavia: Result: _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 1527: Sack of Rome: A sign for Catholics that ________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: Ended wars between the ________________ & _______________ families. Suleiman the Magnificent (_______________) ruler of the Ottoman Empire was another threat to the Holy Roman Empire. They unsuccessfully sieged _________________ in 1529, their deepest penetration into Central Europe. Francis I shockingly allied with the _____________________, at one point turning the city of ________________ in southern France into a _____________ colony for 8 months. New European political reality: _______________ was only one factor among many in power politics. It could be _____________ _________________________________________________. Financing Wars The 16th century marked the beginning of superior Western __________________________. Armies grew is size & firepower became more _______________. Costs _______________. Heavy _______________ meant that the walls of medieval cities had to be transformed into _______________ with _____________________________. To keep up with war expenditures, governments ___________________________________, causing ______________ to rise rapidly. National debts grew tremendously. Examples: Hapsburgs: France: Bankers finance wars, especially the _______________ bank, based in the southern German city of __________________. They built an international financial ____________ that helped make kings. Began by ____________________. The family charged substantial __________ and made handsome _____________. 1519, Fugger’s ______________ & ______________ bankers secured the election of ________________ as Holy Roman Emperor. Strong alliance formed. Between 1527 & 1547, the bank’s assets more than ___________________, with over one-half of the loans made to the __________________ family. Divided Realms Debt even forced the 1559 Treaty of ___________________________, ending the Hapsburg-Valois Wars. France: Francis I tolerated Protestantism until the _____________________________ in 1534. Despite this, the __________________ Church grew steadily in France & during the 1540’s & 1550’s, many French ____________________ converted to ___________________ & afforded __________________________, especially in southern & ________________ France. Henry II, Francis I’s successor, succeeded in maintaining a ___________________________ between Catholics & Protestants, but after his death, France erupted into ______________ decades of religious wars. England: Advisors to Edward VI (_______________) furthered the Reformation by welcoming ________________________ ___________________from the continent, including many who had been influenced by ___________________. Mary Tudor (_______________) restored ________________ and persecuted _______________. Elizabeth I (_______________). English ________________ cause again gained _____________. ____________________ eventually came to define the character of the _______________ nation. Catholics were tolerated only if they _______________________ __________________________________________ Scotland: Scottish Calvinist reformed _______________ had to spend many years in England Mary of Guise (______________), a native French woman, was a devout ________________ married to King _____________. When he died in 1542, she surrounded herself& her daughter, ____________________, with ______________ and _______________ advisors. Mary Stuart’s marriage in 1558 to ______________, the son of the King of _________________ and heir to the French throne, alienated Scottish _________________, who later joined the pro-_________________ and anti-______________ cause. In 1558, John Knox published_________________________ ___________________________________________. In _____________, Protestant _______________ gained control of the Scottish _____________________ & dethroned the regent ____________________. Eventually they forced her daughter, ______________________ to flee to England, where she was imprisoned by her cousin, __________________, England’s queen. Mary’s infant son, _____________, was installed as king. From then, Scotland would turn toward the _________________ version of the Reformation, establishing the potential for conflict with England & the _________________ Church. German States The Protestant princes & cities formed the _______________________ in 1531. Headed by the Elector of _________________ and Philip of __________, the League included most of the _____________ cities, the chief source of the emperor’s ____________. Who opposed the League? ___________________________________________ _______________________________. War Between the Schmalkaldic League & the Holy Roman Emperor: Result was __________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________. 1552 -- Revival of War: Result: _______________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1555, Peace of _______________. Provisions included… 1. Recognized the _____________ Church in the Empire 2. Accepted the __________________ of Church lands but ________________ the remaining ecclesiastical territories for _______________. 3. Established the principle that all ________________, whether ______________ or ________________, enjoyed the sole right to determine the ______________ of their lands and subjects. 4. Who were excluded from the compromise: The _____________________ Settlement would preserve a fragile ____________ in Europe until __________ Emperor Charles V resigned his many thrones in ________. 1. To his son Philip II he left ________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. To his brother Ferdinand he left _________________. Ferdinand also became the new ____________________. Charles V “retired to a monastery in southern _______________. The Protestant Reformation shattered their dream of powerful princes encouraging gradual improvement and change from within the Catholic church. Instead of leading a crusade against Islam, Charles V wore himself out in ceaseless struggle against Francis I of France and the German Protestants. Christianity split into a number of hostile camps battling one another with words and swords. The consequences were censorship, repression of dissenters, and, for many, death. After the brutal suppression of popular revolts in the 1520s and 1530s, religious persecution became a Christian institution: Luther called on the princes to kill rebellious peasants in 1525, Zwingli advocated the drowning of Anabaptists, and Calvin supported the death sentence for Michael Servetus. Executions in Catholic lands provided Protestants with a steady stream of martyrs. The two peace settlements in the 1550s failed to provide long-term solutions: the Peace of Augsburg gradually disintegrated as the religious struggles in the empire intensified, and the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis provided only a brief respite. Worse was yet to come. In the following generations, civil war and international conflicts would set Catholics against Protestants in numerous futile attempts to restore a single faith.