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CHAPTER 14
GLOBAL ENCOUNTERS & RELIGIOUS REFORMS, 1492-1560
Widening Horizons
1. By the end of the _________________ century, in contrast, ____________
could no longer be ignored. The ______________ and ______________, inspired
by a crusading spirit against _________ and by riches to be won through trade in
___________________, sailed across the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The
______________, ______________, and _______________ followed a century later,
creating a new global exchange of people, crops, and diseases that would shape
the ____________________ world. As a result of these European expeditions, the
people of the Americas for the first time confronted forces that threatened to
destroy not only their _________________ but even their _________________.
2. What motivated Portugal to find a sea route to South and Southeast
Asia? How did the caravel help their explorers?
3. Analyze Map 14.1, Early Voyages of World Exploration on p. 422.
Notice the extent of European exploration by 1522, and be familiar with the
names and voyages of the explorers on the map.
4. By 1517, why would the Portuguese claim that they had turned the
Indian Ocean into a “Portuguese Lake?”
5. What were the three clear objectives of Christopher Columbus’
voyages? How did Columbus’ second voyage differ in size from his first
voyage? What does this size difference tell you about the new objective?
6. How did Columbus begin the trans-Atlantic slave trade?
7. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) accomplish?
8. In what two ways did the European voyages of discovery initiate a new
era in slavery?
9. Where was the destination for many of the African slaves transported
by Portuguese slave traders?
10. What is the dual legacy (positive and negative) of the writings of
Bartolome de las Casas?
11. How were the Spanish under Cortes and Pizarro so easily able to
conquer / overcome the empires of the Aztecs and Incas, respectively?
12. The __________ and ______________ mines in Mexico proved a
treasure trove for the Spanish crown, but the real prize was the discovery of vast
____________ deposits in ____________ (today in Bolivia). When the Spaniards
began importing the gold and silver they found in the New World,
_____________ soared in a fashion never before witnessed in Europe.
13. Where did the French and the Dutch become active in the seventeenth
century world of exploration?
14. Analyze the Columbian Exchange (as described in the last paragraph
of the section on p 426). Note the wide variety of plants, foods, animals, and
diseases exchanged between the New and Old Worlds in the time period after
Columbus’ arrival in the Americas. Make special note of the effect of this
Exchange on Native American population.
Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas
porcelain --
Prince Henry the Navigator --
Vasco da Gama --
Pedro Alvares Cabral --
Bartolome de las Casas --
Ferdinand Magellan --
Protestant Reformation
1. Why was the invention of the first European printing press in 1453
such a unique invention? What changes was it destined to bring to European
society (see the first full paragraph on p. 427)?
2. The __________________of Europe had taken many centuries to
complete, and by 1500 most people in Europe believed _____________. However,
the vast majority of them had little knowledge of _______________doctrine …
Urban __________________ and _________________ (the new bourgeoisie), more
likely than the general population to be _______________ and ______________ of
their local priests, yearned for a faith more meaningful to their daily lives and for
a clergy more responsive to their needs … The _________________ resented the
funneling of the Catholic church's rich endowments to the younger children of
the nobility who took up religious callings to protect the ________________ of
their families.
3. Define Christian Humanism.
4. What beliefs of Desiderius Erasmus would qualify him as a Christian
Humanist?
5. What is meant by the saying that, “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther
hatched?
6. How does Thomas More’s book Utopia reflect the thinking of a
Christian humanist?
7. The Christian humanists offered stirring visions of a better future, but
_____________, _________________, __________________, and any idea of Utopia
would all be submerged in the coming flood of _____________________________.
8. As Martin Luther developed in his faith, what “crisis of conscience”
developed inside him? How was this related to the sacrament of penance?
9. When did Luther finally find peace within himself? How did his
revelation conflict with the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church?
10. What were indulgences? Why did Luther see these as corrupt?
11. What were the 95 Theses? What was the effect of their publication?
What groups came to support Luther most in his cause?
12. What was the main idea of the following three of Luther’s works:
a. Freedom of a Christian --
b. To the Nobility of the German Nation --
c. On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church --
13. Spread by the ______________________, Luther's ideas circulated
throughout the _________________________, letting loose forces that neither the
church nor Luther could control. ____________, ______________, and
________________ protests fused with lower-class resentments, much as in the
Czech movement that _________________ had inspired a century earlier.
14. What was the Diet of Worms (1521)? What was its result? How was
Luther “protected?”
15. What were Huldrych Zwingli’s “protestant” beliefs? How did his
ideas differ from Luther’s?
16. What city became the center of Calvinism?
17. What did Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion accomplish?
18. Define predestination. How did Calvin apply it in the Calvinist
religion? Who were the “elect?”
19. Fusing church and society into what followers named the
_______________ church, Geneva became a ________________________
dominated by ____________ and the ________________ of the Reformed church.
Its people were rigorously ___________________; detractors said that they were
______________.
20. The Calvinist movement spread to _____________, the _____________,
_______________, ___________________, the German states, Poland, Hungary,
and eventually ______________________, becoming the established form of the
Reformation in many of these countries.
21. What marriage conflict led Henry VIII to begin the Protestant
Reformation in England?
22. Why was Pope Clement VII put in an awkward political position
when Henry VIII asked for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon (think @
Catherine’s family relation, and their family position in regards to Clement)?
23. What was significant about the Act of Supremacy (1534)?
24. What was the “Dissolution of the Monasteries?” How did this
decrease Henry’s potential financial control of England?
25. When Henry died in 1547, the principle of ______________________ in
religious matters was firmly established, but much would now depend on who
held the ________________.
Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas
movable type --
popular piety --
Johann Tetzel --
Charles V --
Frederick the Wise --
Affair of the Placards --
Michael Servetus --
Reshaping Society Through Religion
1. What causes the German Peasants Revolt of 1525?
2. What groups, and what key figure, resisted the rebels?
3. Fundamentally __________________ in its political philosophy, the
_______________ church henceforth depended on established political authority
for its protection. It lost supporters in _________ areas and became an
increasingly __________ phenomenon. The ultimate victors were the
_____________________. They defeated the ____________, sided with __________,
and confronted the Holy Roman Emperor, _____________, who declared Roman
Catholicism the empire's only legitimate religion. The ____________________ of
the Holy Roman Empire only increased as people came to support their
______________ princes against Charles' _________________ orthodoxy.
4. What were the main beliefs of the Anabaptists? Who tended to support
them?
5. What did the Anabaptist War in Munster in 1534 – 35 demonstrate
about the power of the newly formed Protestant churches?
6. How did the new middle-class, urban Protestant orders shape and
develop the new Protestant religions? What were their outward signs of
Protestant devotion and worship?
7. The new emphasis on ______________________ led to growing
impatience with the ________, now viewed as lacking ____________________,
and greater emphasis on regulation of ___________________, now seen as critical
to social discipline in general.
8. What were two reasons that secular governments began to take over
responsibility for the poor from religious institutions?
9. What came to be the distinction between “God’s poor” and vagabonds
in the late sixteenth century?
10. The ___________________ provided an opportunity to restructure
relief for the poor. Instead of decentralized, _______________________ often
overseen by __________________ orders, Protestant magistrates appointed
officials to head ____________________ that would certify the ________________
and distribute ________________________ to them. This development progressed
rapidly in _____________ areas, where ________________ was most visible, and
transcended religious divisions.
11. How did the Protestant Reformation change the institution of
marriage?
12. In many ____________________ countries, the new marriage
ordinances also required _________________ consent, thus giving householders
immense power in regulating not only __________________ but also the
transmission of _________________________.
13. How did the Roman Catholic Church react to the new Protestant
Reformation? What specific actions were taken by the Council of Trent to make
Catholicism stronger in the years ahead? Were any beliefs drastically changed
by the Council?
14. The Council of Trent marked a watershed; henceforth, the
_______________ between Protestant and Catholic remained _________________,
and all hopes of reconciliation faded. The focus of the Catholic church turned
now to _______________________________________.
15. What effects did the creation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) have on
Catholicism in the years ahead? How did the order come to be highly influential
in Europe and abroad?
16. What effect did Christian missionaries have in the Americas and in
Asia?
Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas
Vulgate --
Menno Simons --
William Tyndale --
Pope Paul III ---
Index of Prohibited Books --
Francis Xavier --
Ch. 14, sec. 4 -- “A Struggle for Mastery” Notes
Overview: In the sixteenth century, conflicts generated by the Reformation posed
new challenges to the ambitions of rulers. Even as courts continued to sponsor the
arts and literature of the Renaissance, princes and kings seized opportunities to
build stronger states by fighting wars. Wars justified increased taxes, and growing
revenues fostered the creation of a central bureaucracy housed at court. Victory on
the battlefield translated into territory and just as important into reputation and
awe. But victory required skills in making war; monarchs eagerly sought new
military technology and battlefield ploys. One major obstacle complicated these
efforts at state building: religious division. Could states maintain their authority if
individuals were allowed to choose their religion? Almost everywhere, violence failed
to settle religious differences. By 1560, an exhausted Europe had achieved a
provisional peace, but one fraught with the seeds of future conflict (Hunt 441).
The High
Renaissance
Court
Court defined as the ruler’s ____________________.
Gathered around the prince were a community of ___________
____________________________________________________________
Main representative was _____________________________________.
Francis I of France (______________).
 Royal household employed _____________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
 Significance of the hunt: _______________________________
_______________________________________________________
Ludovico Ariosto: Achievement & Significance:
Baldassare Castiglione: Achievement & Significance:
Nicolo Machiavelli: Achievement & Significance:
Dynastic
Wars
Hapsburg Family ruled _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
Valois Family Ruled __________________________________
1525, Battle of Pavia: Result: _________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
1527: Sack of Rome: A sign for Catholics that ________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: Ended wars between the
________________ & _______________ families.
Suleiman the Magnificent (_______________) ruler of the Ottoman
Empire was another threat to the Holy Roman Empire. They
unsuccessfully sieged _________________ in 1529, their deepest
penetration into Central Europe.
Francis I shockingly allied with the _____________________, at
one point turning the city of ________________ in southern
France into a _____________ colony for 8 months.
New European political reality: _______________ was only one
factor among many in power politics. It could be _____________
_________________________________________________.
Financing
Wars
The 16th century marked the beginning of superior Western
__________________________.
Armies grew is size & firepower became more _______________.
Costs _______________. Heavy _______________ meant that the
walls of medieval cities had to be transformed into
_______________ with _____________________________.
To keep up with war expenditures, governments
___________________________________, causing ______________ to
rise rapidly.
National debts grew tremendously. Examples:
 Hapsburgs:

France:
Bankers finance wars, especially the _______________ bank,
based in the southern German city of __________________. They
built an international financial ____________ that helped make
kings. Began by ____________________. The family charged
substantial __________ and made handsome _____________.
1519, Fugger’s ______________ & ______________ bankers secured
the election of ________________ as Holy Roman Emperor.
Strong alliance formed. Between 1527 & 1547, the bank’s
assets more than ___________________, with over one-half of the
loans made to the __________________ family.
Divided
Realms
Debt even forced the 1559 Treaty of
___________________________, ending the Hapsburg-Valois Wars.
France: Francis I tolerated Protestantism until the
_____________________________ in 1534. Despite this, the
__________________ Church grew steadily in France & during the
1540’s & 1550’s, many French ____________________ converted
to ___________________ & afforded __________________________,
especially in southern & ________________ France. Henry II,
Francis I’s successor, succeeded in maintaining a
___________________________ between Catholics & Protestants,
but after his death, France erupted into ______________ decades
of religious wars.
England:
 Advisors to Edward VI (_______________) furthered the
Reformation by welcoming ________________________
___________________from the continent, including many
who had been influenced by ___________________.
 Mary Tudor (_______________) restored ________________
and persecuted _______________.
 Elizabeth I (_______________). English ________________
cause again gained _____________.
____________________ eventually came to define the
character of the _______________ nation. Catholics were
tolerated only if they _______________________
__________________________________________
Scotland:
 Scottish Calvinist reformed _______________ had to spend
many years in England
 Mary of Guise (______________), a native French woman,
was a devout ________________ married to King
_____________. When he died in 1542, she surrounded
herself& her daughter, ____________________, with
______________ and _______________ advisors. Mary
Stuart’s marriage in 1558 to ______________, the son of
the King of _________________ and heir to the French
throne, alienated Scottish _________________, who later
joined the pro-_________________ and anti-______________
cause.
 In 1558, John Knox published_________________________
___________________________________________.
 In _____________, Protestant _______________ gained
control of the Scottish _____________________ & dethroned
the regent ____________________. Eventually they forced
her daughter, ______________________ to flee to England,
where she was imprisoned by her cousin,
__________________, England’s queen. Mary’s infant son,
_____________, was installed as king.
 From then, Scotland would turn toward the
_________________ version of the Reformation, establishing
the potential for conflict with England & the
_________________ Church.
German States
 The Protestant princes & cities formed the
_______________________ in 1531. Headed by the Elector
of _________________ and Philip of __________, the League
included most of the _____________ cities, the chief source
of the emperor’s ____________. Who opposed the League?
___________________________________________
_______________________________.
 War Between the Schmalkaldic League & the Holy Roman
Emperor: Result was __________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
 1552 -- Revival of War: Result: _______________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 1555, Peace of _______________. Provisions included…
1. Recognized the _____________ Church in the Empire
2. Accepted the __________________ of Church lands



but ________________ the remaining ecclesiastical
territories for _______________.
3. Established the principle that all ________________,
whether ______________ or ________________, enjoyed
the sole right to determine the ______________ of
their lands and subjects.
4. Who were excluded from the compromise:
The _____________________ Settlement would preserve a
fragile ____________ in Europe until __________
Emperor Charles V resigned his many thrones in
________.
1. To his son Philip II he left ________________________
____________________________________________
2. To his brother Ferdinand he left _________________.
Ferdinand also became the new
____________________.
Charles V “retired to a monastery in southern
_______________.
The Protestant Reformation shattered their dream of powerful princes encouraging
gradual improvement and change from within the Catholic church. Instead of
leading a crusade against Islam, Charles V wore himself out in ceaseless struggle
against Francis I of France and the German Protestants. Christianity split into a
number of hostile camps battling one another with words and swords. The
consequences were censorship, repression of dissenters, and, for many, death. After
the brutal suppression of popular revolts in the 1520s and 1530s, religious
persecution became a Christian institution: Luther called on the princes to kill
rebellious peasants in 1525, Zwingli advocated the drowning of Anabaptists, and
Calvin supported the death sentence for Michael Servetus. Executions in Catholic
lands provided Protestants with a steady stream of martyrs. The two peace
settlements in the 1550s failed to provide long-term solutions: the Peace of
Augsburg gradually disintegrated as the religious struggles in the empire
intensified, and the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis provided only a brief respite. Worse
was yet to come. In the following generations, civil war and international conflicts
would set Catholics against Protestants in numerous futile attempts to restore a
single faith.