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RAP The Crusades were holy wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy lands…what is something you deem worthy of fighting for & why? The Crusades 1071-1291 Ottoman Threat Pilgrimage Squabbling Lords The Holy Lands “Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight and, what is more important, the Holy Sepulcher (the tomb where Jesus was buried) shall vanish. And in your coming you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you. —Emperor Alexius Comnenus The Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Key Events of the Crusades Pope Urban II’s speech (pg. 386) The capture of Jerusalem Founding of Crusader states Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (pg. 383) Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders Key Events Alexius Comnenus I (Byzantine Emperor) appealed to Pope Urban II for military aid Pope Urban’s Speech to mob of peasants “Dieu le voit!” – God wills it! First Crusade 1097-1099 Crusader states = Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli Key Events Post-2nd Crusade 1147-1148 Jerusalem captured by Muslims Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (Muslim leader) 1188 Third Crusade Key Events 4th Crusade Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders The Great Schism The Church splits over excommunication Effects of The Crusades Weakened the power and influence of the Pope and nobles Strengthened the power of the monarchs Stimulated trade throughout the Med. & Middle East Food products Household goods New ideas rice, coffee, dates, apricots, lemons, sugar, spices such as ginger, melons, rhubarb, etc. mirrors, carpets, cotton cloth for clothing, ships, compasses, writing paper, wheelbarrows, mattresses, shawls, etc. chess, Arabic figures 0 to 9, pain killing drugs, algebra, irrigation, chemistry, the color scarlet, water wheels, water clocks, etc. Effects of The Crusades Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims Weakened the Byzantine Empire Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire. – Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire Economic Effects of the Crusades The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products. Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. New economic institutions developed. Economic Effects of the Crusades Increased the demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods for trade in Middle Eastern markets (perfumes, oils, minerals, jewels, etc.) Encouraged the use of credit and banking The Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What was the major cause of the Crusades? A. the conflict between the Muslim Moors and King John B. the capture of Jerusalem by the Muslims C. the invasion of Russia by the Mongols D. the capture of Mecca by the Christians 2. All of the following are key events of the Crusades EXCEPT: A. the capture of Jerusalem B. C. D. the capture of Mecca the sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders the founding of Crusader States REVIEW QUESTIONS 3. Which was a result of the Crusades? A. increased desire for eastern goods B. strengthened the Pope C. increased cooperation between Muslims and Christians D. weakened European monarchs 4. Which group of people invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in southwest Asia? A. B. C. D. Mongols Huns Magyars Vikings Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West. Church Scholars Were among the very few who could read and write Worked in monasteries Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China thus creating an empire and destroying cities and countryside. The Black Death: 1347 – 1665 In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe. Impact of Black Death Population declined (1/3 of Europe or 25-30 Million People) – Resulted in scarcity of labor Towns were freed from feudal obligations Church influence declined Trade was disrupted Bloodletting The Plague Doctor Vinegar Amulets Herbs Drink molten gold