Download Spring Semester 2012 Final Review KEY

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Spring Semester 2012 Final Review KEY
Pre-AP Science 7
The bold headings separate the units we have studied this year and textbook pages to which you may refer.
They are followed by important vocabulary words and questions pertaining to the unit. They are not word
banks.
DNA, Reproduction. and Genetics (pg. 543-547)
heredity
trait
genotype
allele
1.
genetics
DNA
dominant trait
recessive trait
phenotype
hybrid
asexual reproduction
chromosome
punnett square
homozygous
double helix
gene
homozygous
sexual reproduction
Where is the DNA molecule found in the cells?
DNA is tightly coiled in chromosomes in the nucleus of cell.
What is its shape?
The shape of DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder)
2.
What is the function of DNA?
The function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information.
3.
One celled organisms such as bacteria reproduce by dividing in half. This type
of reproduction is asexual.
4.
The study of how traits are passed from generation to generation is Genetics.
5.
What is a gene?
Segments of DNA that code for a specific trait.
6.
Describe the relationship between: trait, gene and allele
Genes are segments of DNA that code for traits. Alleles are different forms
of a trait. Example: A gene codes for hair color. An allele would be blonde.
7.
In pea plants, wrinkled seeds are recessive to smooth seeds. Predict the
results of crossing a hybrid parent with a recessive parent. Draw a punnett
square.
S
s
s
Ss
ss
s
Ss
ss
a. What are the alleles of the genetic cross? wrinkled or smooth
b. Give the percent chance of producing offspring with the following
characteristics.
Heterozygous: 50%
Wrinkled seeds: 50%
Homozygous for smooth seeds 0%
Natural Selection Modern Genetics
species
cloning
variation
theory
mutation
domesticated
adaptation
selective breeding
natural selection
genetic engineering
Describe the relationship between mutations, variations, and adaptations.
Mutations (random changes in DNA) lead to variations within a species. If
the variation enables the organism to be better adapted to its environment
(survives and reproduces), then over time it (the variation) becomes an
adaptation.
8.
9.
Natural selection is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to
their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other
members of the same species.
10. Any
difference between individuals of the same species is called a variation.
11. What
is selective breeding? Give an example of when it is used.
The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to
serve as parents of the next generation.
12. Genetic
changes occur in a population over many generations.
Survival and Adaptations (p. 595 – 602, 608 – 615)
Adaptation
Migration
Xylem
Phloem
Turgor Pressure
Phototropism
Hibernation Gills
Root
Stem
Photosynthesis
Dormancy
Instinct
Leaf
Seed
Bulb
Learning
Chlorophyll
Geotropism
Life Cycle
Plant
13. An
inherited trait that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its
environment is an adaptation.
14. Why
do organisms have adaptations?
Adaptations arise in organisms because a variation in the species gives an
advantage over its competitors enabling it to survive better than those
without the adaption. This then allows the adaptation to be passed on
through reproduction.
Adaptations enable organisms to survive in different environments.
15. Explain
the relationship between gene, trait, and adaptation.
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a trait. A trait that enables an
organism to survive better in its environment may become an adaptation
over time.
16. Give an external and internal structural adaptation for each of the following animal types:
Study your class notes on Animal Adaptations. DO NOT WRITE ALL OF THIS. Just
check to make sure what you wrote is correct!
Animal
External Adaptations
Internal Adaptations
Bony Fish
 Fins: used for steering,
balance, movement
 Internal skeleton: flexibility
 Streamlined Shape: move
easily through water
 Gills: remove oxygen from
water and release
carbon dioxide
 Moveable Jaws: eat plants
and other animals
 Scales: protection
 Coloration: camouflage
 Swim Bladder: allow fish
to be buoyant and stay
at particular depths
Birds
 Wings: curved on top for
flight
 Bones:
hollow but strong for flight
 Feathers: strong, lightweight
for flight; fluffy for warmth
 Powerful chest muscles:
move wings
 Oil Gland: makes feathers
water repellant
 Gizzard: grind seeds;
efficient digestive system
 Beaks/Bills: different foods
 Feet: designed for different surfaces
 Coloration: camouflage
Mammals
 Most have Hair: warmth
 Sweat glands: help cool
body (some animals
must pant)
 Specialized jaws and teeth
adapted to food they eat
 Four chambered heart:
efficient blood circulation
 Specialized bones and muscles:
provide for running, walking,
climbing, swimming, etc.; adapted
for lifestyle
 Brain: highly developed
for thought and sensory
processes
 Coloration: camouflage
17. All
 Backbone: very flexible
allows for bouncing,
leaping stride
behavior results from a response to a stimulus.
18. What
are the six animal behavior patterns:
a.
Competition/Aggression
e.
b.
Establishing a Territory
f. Living
c. Mating/Raising
d.
Behavior Cycles/Migration
in Groups
Young
Communication
19. What
are the physiological adaptations for animals?
Life Cycles, Metamorphosis, Homeostasis
20. Describe
the function of each of the basic structures of plants:
a.
Leaf: Site of Photosynthesis/ Gas exchange
b.
Stem: Transportation of water and nutrients from roots to
leaves
c. Root:
d.
Absorbs water from soil/ storage
Phloem: vascular tissue that transports nutrients (food) from
leaves to roots
e.
Xylem: vascular tissue that transports water from roots to
leaves
21. Identify
and describe the three tropisms (behavior adaptations) in plants:
a. Geotropism- a behavioral adaptation in which roots grow downwards
and stems and leaves grow upwards in response to gravity
b. Phototropism- a behavioral adaptation in which plants will “turn”
towards a light source; response to light
c. Thigmotropism- a behavioral adaptation in which plants will respond
to touch and bend towards that touch
22. What
is turgor pressure and how does it benefit a plant?
The force of water against the cell wall of a plant cell; helps give
shape and firmness to plants stems and leaves.
Classification and Dichotomous Keys
Taxonomy
prokaryote
kingdom
binomial nomenclature
class
order hetertroph
domain
phylum
autotroph
family
species
eukaryote genus
population
23. List
the taxonomic levels of classification in order from broadest to most specific.
(Domain) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
24. Describe
members of the following kingdoms according to their cellular structure
and how they acquire energy:
a. Animals: Eukaryotic, multi-cellular heterotrophs
b. Plants: Eukaryotic, multi-cellular autotrophs
c. Fungi: Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophs (decomposers)
d. Protist: Eukaryotic, uni or multi-cellular, hetero or autotrophic
e. Bacteria: Prokaryotic, unicellular, hetero or autotrophic
f. Archaebacteria: Prokaryotic, unicellular, hetero or autotrophic (live in
extreme conditions)
25. Know
how to use a dichotomous key to identify organisms based upon their
physical characteristics.
Hint* Always start with number one and follow the instructions from there!
26. Use
the scientific name for bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncates, to answer
the following questions.
a. What is the genus name? Tursiops
b. What is the species name? truncates
c. What is the correct way to abbreviate the scientific name?
T.
truncates
d. What is the common name of this organism? Bottlenose dolphin
Energy and Matter in Ecosystems (p.190-195; 204-208; 558-565)
organism
species
population
community
ecosystem
ecology
abiotic biotic
energy
radiant energy
chemical energy
thermal energy
potential
energy
kinetic energy
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
chlorophyll
glucose
habitat
niche producer
consumer
herbivore
carnivore
omnivores
scavengers decomposers
food chain
food web
energy pyramid
decomposition composting biomass
carbon cycle water
cycle nitrogen cycle
27. Explain
the relationship between organism, community, biosphere, population,
and ecosystem.
Organisms of the same species make up a population. A population along
with all other biotic factors compose a community. A community and the
abiotic factors make up an ecosystem. All ecosystems exist within the
biosphere.
Organismpopulationcommunityecosystembiosphere
28. Give
two examples of :
a. biotic factors: any living organism
b. abiotic factors: temperature, sunlight, rocks, water
29. How
does a cow receive the energy it needs for life activities? Include the terms
photosynthesis and cellular respiration in your explanation.
A cow will consume grass that contains glucose, a product of
photosynthesis. The grass will be processed by the digestive system,
breaking it down into smaller parts including glucose. Glucose will enter the
bloodstream and be brought to cells. Inside the cell, glucose will combine
with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide and release energy
necessary for all functions.
30. Give
the word formula and energy transformations for:
Photosynthesis:
Carbon Dioxide  Water  Oxygen
Energy transformation: Radiant

 Glucose
Stored Chemical
Cellular Respiration:
Oxygen
 Glucose 
Water Carbon Dioxide (Release of Energy)
Energy transformation: Chemical

Mechanical
 Thermal
31. The
path of energy through an ecosystem is illustrated with a food chain or
web.
32. The
organisms that return the nutrients to the soil for the plants to use are called
decomposers.
33. What
is the difference between a consumer and a producer?
A consumer must eat or consume food while a producer is able to make its
own.
34. Draw
an energy pyramid and label the levels: producers, primary consumer, and
secondary consumer.
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Remember: Only 10 % of
energy is passed from each
level of the pyramid to the
next
Producers
35. What
are the three processes in which carbon and oxygen are cycled through an
ecosystem?
a. Photosynthesis
b. Cellular Respiration
c. Decomposition
36. What
is composting?
The biological process of breaking down organic matter by various microorganisms into a nutrient rich soil (humus)
Biosphere (p.572-588,634-642)
biosphere
biome
climate
estuary
tundra
open sea
coniferous forest
conifers
coral reef
adaptations habitat
sustainability primary succession
plants climax community
pollution
37. Temperature
intertidal zone
neritic zone abyss
rainforest
deciduous forest
deserts
plankton
microhabitat
biodiversity
limiting factors
secondary succession pioneer
biodiversity
habitat destruction
and Precipitation determine which type of organisms live in a
land biome.
Amount of Sunlight and Temperature determine which type of
organisms live in water ecosystems.
38. Know
the characteristics of each of the biomes and water ecosystems.
STUDY THE BIOMES CHART!!!
39. Be
able to interpret climatograms. Yes… do this.
40. What
is a microhabitat?
A small habitat within a larger one in which environmental conditions differ
from these in the surrounding area.
41. The
greater the biodiversity, the more sustainable an ecosystem.
42. Give
one example of :
a. primary succession – succession where no previous ecosystem existed;
may occur after a lava flow or glacial retreat, or on sand dunes.
b. secondary succession-succession that occurs after a disturbance in an
existing ecosystem; may occur after a wildfire, flood, logging, and
agriculture
43. Name
four ways in which humans can cause the loss of species or disruption of
biodiversity on Earth.
a. Habitat Loss (#1)
b. Poaching
c. Exotic (Invasive) Species
d. Pollution
Changing Earth: Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition/Natural
Hazards (pg. 224-231,235-236,252-265,275-277, 280-285, 286-290)
inner core
outer core
mantle
crust
weathering
runoff
chemical weathering
ice wedging
acid rain
soil
bedrock
mechanical weathering
sediment
deposition
gully
stream
river
glacier
beach
sand dune
mass movement
erosion
44. Draw the Earth including the four layers. Describe the four layers.
45. Weathering
is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at
Earth’s surface.
46. Name
the two main types of weathering and describe each process.
Mechanical Weathering- process that breaks down rock, but does not
change the chemical composition
Chemical Weathering- process that breaks down rock through chemical
changes
47. Name
the agents of mechanical and chemical weathering.
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Abrasion, Release of pressure,
Ice Wedging, Plant Growth,
Animal Actions
Oxidation, Water,
Living Organisms
Carbonic Acid, Acid Rain
48. The
type of rock and climate affect the rate of weathering.
49. Soil
is the loose, weathered material that forms the upper layer of Earth’s crust.
50. The
decayed organic material in soil is humus.
51. Beneath
the soil, there is a solid layer of rock called bedrock.
52. What
is erosion?
The process by which sediment is moved
53. List
the forces that cause erosion.
1. Moving Water
5.glaciers
54. The
3. Waves
4. Gravity (mass movement)
material moved by erosion is called sediment.
55. What
56. How
2. Wind
is the major agent or force of erosion on Earth’s crust? Moving Water
do glaciers erode the land?
Glaciers act like bulldozers and push sediment (loose rock) out of its path.
57. What
type of landform can be produced by wind at the beach? Sand Dunes
58. The
following landforms have been formed by the processes of weathering,
erosion, and deposition.
59. Label the following: meander, oxbow lake, waterfall, flood plain, v-shaped valley
Waterfall
V-shaped Valley
Meander
Flood
Plain
Oxbow
Lake
60. A
natural hazard is an event that results from Earth processes and that can
cause damage and endanger human life.
61. Hurricanes
and earthquakes create changes on the Earth’s surface. These
are two examples of natural hazards. Name two more examples.
Tornadoes
62. Know
Floods
how each natural hazard impacts both the Earth and humans.
Example: How do floods affect humans and the environment? (Attach your
“Catastrophic Events” chart.)
63. When
does a natural hazard become a catastrophic event?
a.
Loss of life
b.
Major property damage
8. Texas Ecoregions, and Water
Weathering
Differential
weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Ecoregion
Watershed
Drainage basin
Surface water
Groundwater
Runoff
Permeability
Aquifer
Recharge
64. Use
Discharge
Infiltration
Percolation
Water table
Divide
the map of Texas to label the Ecoregions and tell something about the
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition in each one.
A. Big Bend Country - Soil comes from the weathering and
erosion of the Guadalupe and Davis Mountains.
B. Panhandle Plains - Palo Duro Canyon formed due to
weathering and erosion by a river.
C. Prairies and Lake - Soil loss from heavy farming through
wind and runoff
D. Pineywoods - Man-made dams prevent soil from flowing down river.
E. Hill Country - Enchanted Rock shows what specific form of mechanical
weathering? Exfoliation (release of pressure). The caves in the Edward’s
Plateau were formed by Chemical
weathering.
F. South Texas Plains - Erosion caused by livestock over-grazing area.
G. Gulf Coast - Waves erode beaches along the coast. Marshes are formed by
erosion and deposition of sediment.
65. Approximately
what percentage of the water on Earth is freshwater? 3% Not all
of the freshwater on Earth is available for use. Why can’t we easily use all of
the freshwater? 3/4 of all freshwater is found in huge masses of ice in the
North and South poles. Less than 1% of the water is Earth is available for
humans to use!
66. What
is an aquifer? An underground body of sand, gravel, or fractured
(broken) rock, filled with water and capable of supplying useful quantities
of water to a well or spring.
67. What
is a watershed? What separates one watershed from another? The land
area that supplies water to a river system. A divide separates one
watershed from another.
68. The
addition of water to an aquifer is known as recharge, while the flow or
pumping of water from an aquifer is called discharge.
69. In
groundwater, the water table is the dividing line between the saturated zone
and the unsaturated zone. Please label the following diagram using these
words: saturated zone; unsaturated zone; permeable layers; topsoil
70. Label
the Water Cycle diagram using this word bank: condensation;
evaporation; groundwater; precipitation; runoff
Evaporation
Condensatio
n
Precipitation
Runoff
Groundwater
71. Human
Infiltration
activity can affect groundwater and surface water in a watershed.
a. Loss of vegetation leads to increased erosion. Vegetation is important
because it:
i. Holds soil in place and keeps it from washing away.
ii. Slows erosion by getting in the way of moving surface water.
iii. Absorb and remove contaminants in the water.
b. Humans add fertilizer to crops and lawns. Runoff carries this fertilizer to the
water leading to algae blooms. Once these blooms are over,
decomposition of all the extra biomass leads to low oxygen levels in the
water and may produce dead zones.
c. Trash such as pesticides, antifreeze, motor oil, paints, and other hazardous
materials ultimately enter waterways and contaminate our water supply.
Space, The Final Frontier
Definitions for these words are on the very last page of your Semester Review 
Relative distance
Sustaining
Composition
Atmosphere
72. Earth
Existence
Life-support
Light Year
Astronaut
is sometimes called the Goldilocks Planet because we have all the
necessary elements to sustain life. What are the key elements?
A. Distance from the sun (temperature)
B. Atmosphere (oxygen and protection)
C. Water (ice, liquid, water vapor)
73. When
an astronaut is exploring space, what does the astronaut’s vehicle
or spacesuit provide for them that keeps them alive?
D. Air to breathe
E. Warmth
F. Air pressure– Without adequate air pressure the gasses in the
astronaut’s blood would separate and boil.
G. Protection from micrometeoroids and harmful UV radiation from the
sun.
These are the words you need to know from our very short Space unit.
 Relative distance – Comparing the distance between two objects in a different way. The
approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.

Sustaining – To give support to someone or something, especially by supplying necessities.

Composition – The various parts of something that will come together to make it whole.

Atmosphere – Layers of air surrounding Earth, or any other planet.

Existence – The maintenance of life.

Light Year – The distance light travels (in a vacuum) in one year.

Life-support – Equipment or measures that provide a life-sustaining environment similar to
that found on Earth’s surface while a person is surrounded by a hostile environment.

Astronaut – A person engaged in or trained for spaceflight.
Final Exam Information:
100 questions multiple choice (scan-tron)
Study: Guide, vocabulary, and old tests