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Notes on the Architecture of Washington, D. C. In GMS Art we will consider how the architect creates intentional space in our Architecture Unit. Capitol Architects have tremendous responsibility when it comes to creating, maintaining, and up-dating the Capitol buildings. Review the following information from AOC.gov before the D.C. trip to help build your prior knowledge of what you will be seeing. Columns we will see: Materials used: Marble is used throughout the U.S. Capitol Building, the congressional office buildings, and many other government and commercial buildings for its beauty, durability and relative ease of carving. It forms exterior surfaces and such interior elements as floors, walls, columns and stairways. Marble is also commonly used for statues and other sculpture, both indoors and out. The term marble is applied to many varieties of stone that have been used in architecture and sculpture since classical times. Marble is formed by metamorphosis, which occurs when rock containing the mineral calcite (most commonly limestone) near the Earth’s surface are drawn downward by geological processes and are recrystallized by heat, pressure, and chemical action. The color of the resulting marble is determined by the amount and type of impurities it contains: the purest white marble shows the fewest, while other varieties may be pink, gray, green, yellow or black. Veining or banding in different colors often occurs. The founders of the American nation drew architectural and aesthetic inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, and the builders of the U.S. Capitol would readily have used marble if it were available. However, no nearby deposits had been discovered when construction began, so sandstone was used for the exterior cladding and for carved decorative features throughout. By 1816, however, marble was being quarried along the upper Potomac River and imported from Italy, and over the succeeding decades further discoveries and improvements in transportation allowed its far more extensive use throughout the building. Nearly a dozen states have provided marble to help build the Capitol Building; it is used in floors, baseboards, stairs, railings, door frames, wall panels, mantels, columns and cornices. Marble from Massachusetts forms the exteriors of the mid-19th century House and Senate extensions, and Georgia marble clads the East Front connecting corridors. Italian marble is used in the grand staircases and the Senate chamber. Many of the statues in the U.S. Capitol are also carved from the fine, white marble quarried near Carrara, Italy, which has been favored by sculptors for centuries. Elsewhere within Capitol Hill, all of the principal congressional office buildings are faced with marble, as are the Library of Congress John Adams and James Madison Memorial Buildings, and marble floors, stairways, walls, columns and sculpture enrich many interior spaces. [Notes on Marble taken from Architects of the Capitol Web Site: http://www.aoc.gov/capitolhill/architecture/marble ] Art Deco Art Deco is a style of art and architecture that began in 1920s Paris and continued into the 1930s. Art Deco was inspired by Egyptian and Aztec forms and was characterized by the use of highly stylized geometric forms. While not a predominant architecture or art style of Capitol Hill, Art Deco is most evident in the architecture and design of the Library of Congress John Adams Building and in decorative elements of the Dirksen Senate Office Building. The Library of Congress John Adams Building, completed in 1939, is an example of detailed but restrained Art Deco design. The exterior is covered by white Georgia marble and then enlivened with a limited amount of carved decoration. Decorative features and metalwork throughout the building are superb examples of Art Deco’s streamlined classicism and decorative cubism. The Dirksen Senate Office Building was built in the 1950s and in order to keep costs low was built of simple design. To add interest to the simple design, the architects added a series of 51 exterior bronze reliefs, square panels with raised designs, between the windows. These reliefs include five subjects: shipping, farming, manufacturing, mining and lumbering. Each is represented by a stylized figure. Additional bronze medallions with symbolic icons can be found on the Dirksen Building's bronze exterior and elevator doors. [http://www.aoc.gov/capitolhill/architecture/art-deco-architecture-capitol-hill ] Beaux Arts Beaux Arts architecture style is a theatrical and heavily ornamented classical style taught during the 19th century at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. This style strongly considers the function of the space. The Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building is a textbook example of the flamboyant Beaux Arts style. In addition, the first congressional office buildings – the Russell Senate Office Building and Cannon House Office Building — were designed in the Beaux Arts style by the prominent New York architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings. In April 1904, John Carrère took charge of the Senate Office Building project (now named the Russell Senate Office Building), while Thomas Hastings oversaw the construction of an almost identical office building (now named the Cannon House Office Building) for the House of Representatives. Their Beaux Arts designs harmonize with the U.S. Capitol. Architecturally, the buildings’ elevations are divided into a rusticated base and a colonnade with an entablature and balustrade. The colonnades with 34 Doric columns that face the Capitol are echoed by pilasters on the sides of the buildings. Both buildings are faced with marble; the Russell Building's base and terrace are gray granite. The Caucus Room in the Russell Building is an excellent example of the Beaux Arts architecture style of architectural design. Grand, well ordered and richly detailed, the room provides a dignified environment in which important political meetings and social functions are held. It is the oldest and one of the largest assembly rooms built for the Senate outside the Capitol. The Beaux Arts architecture style is also particularly apparent in the Cannon Building Caucus Room. The room lies at the end of a progression of monumental spaces, which begin with the rotunda and continue in the marble staircases that land directly in front of the principal entrance to the Caucus Room. Through this architectural hierarchy, one is led from the building's "front door" directly and powerfully to the Caucus Room. Measuring 74 feet long by 54 feet wide, the room is treated with paired Corinthian pilasters standing on a continuous pedestal and supporting a richly detailed entablature including dentils, modillions and egg-and-dart moldings. The rich ceiling is decorated with a variety of classical motifs: rosettes, guilloch and Greek key. This room is the site of numerous dinners, receptions and other events each year; unlike its counterpart in the Russell Senate Office Building, this room hosts no prominent public hearings. The Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building is recognized as a premier example of the Beaux Arts style, which is theatrical and heavily ornamented. It is a style perfectly suited to a young, wealthy and imperialistic nation in its Gilded Age. The materials – marble (15 varieties), granite (400,000 cubic feet), bronze, gold, mahogany – were expensive but would last a thousand years. [http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/architecture-styles/beauxarts-architecture-capitol-hill] Contemporary Contemporary architecture is often defined as the architecture of the current time. The defining aspects of late 20th century to early 21st century architecture are steel beam construction, extensive use of glass and minimal decoration. On Capitol Hill, the most predominate architectural influence of the early 21st century is sustainable design. This philosophy is design that limits the impact on the environment while maximizing energy efficiency and other natural resource usage. On Capitol Hill, the Architect of the Capitol has embraced the principles of sustainable design in the ongoing planning, building, operations and maintenance of the facilities and grounds entrusted to our care. These practices include improving energy savings, water efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts. The most recent significant architectural addition to Capitol Hill is the Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), which opened in December 2008. The CVC included a number of sustainable design elements in its architecture and construction. The Capitol Visitor Center was designed to incorporate as many sustainable and low-impact features as possible within the constraints of its unique requirements. The Visitor Center was built below an existing plaza, and is a “redevelopment” of an urban site which has not increased the amount of hard surfaces relative to run-off. The East Capitol Grounds are greener now that landscaping is completed with a total of 85 new trees planted (more than were removed for construction) to revive the scenic views envisioned in Frederick Law Olmsted’s original landscape plan of 1874. Additionally state-of-the-art high-efficiency fans and motors were used for mechanical systems and use outside air for cooling in place of chilled water when the outdoor temperature is 60 degrees and below. Light fixture occupancy sensors have been installed throughout office spaces and restrooms and compact fluorescent fixtures are used wherever possible. Other features include low-flow bathroom fixtures and automatic faucets and toilets; low-emitting materials including paints, solvents and carpets used during construction; recycling of 50 percent of construction waste; and six skylights allow natural light to fill many public areas, thereby decreasing the need for electric lighting during daytime hours. In upcoming architectural projects the AOC will continue to adopt national best practices in design and construction such as those developed by the U.S. Green Building Council. [http://www.aoc.gov/capitolhill/architecture/contemporary-architecture-capitol-hill] Neoclassical The definitive architectural style on Capitol Hill is neoclassical, inspired by the use of ancient Greek and Roman styles in the design of great public buildings. These styles are recognized by the use of tall columns, symmetrical shapes, triangular pediments and domed roofs. Neoclassical architecture style encompasses the styles of Federal and Greek Revival architecture which were a major influence during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was during this period that many of the foundational buildings of the United States government were constructed. Perhaps the single greatest example of these architectural styles is the United States Capitol Building, for which construction began in 1793. Thomas Jefferson wanted Congress housed in a replica of an ancient Roman temple. Since the capitol in Richmond, Virginia, was an example of Roman “cubic” architecture, he thought the federal Capitol should be modeled after a “spherical” temple. The U.S. Capitol's designs, derived from ancient Greece and Rome, evoke the ideals that guided the nation's founders as they framed their new republic. In the 1850s, architect Thomas U. Walter added to the original design while maintaining the neoclassical styles. His additions included the north and south extensions and the cast iron dome. Another well-known example of the neoclassical architecture style on Capitol Hill is the U.S. Supreme Court Building. Finished and occupied in 1935, the Supreme Court is meant to resemble a great marble temple. The architect of the Supreme Court, Cass Gilbert of New York City, drew upon the classical Roman temple form as the basis for the Court's new building. Reached by a great flight of broad steps, the portico of tall Corinthian columns gives the building a monumental entrance. Lower wings flank the central temple and help relate it to the lowerscaled buildings of the nearby Capitol Hill neighborhood. [http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/architecturestyles/neoclassical-architecture-capitol-hill]