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World War Looms Dictators Threaten World Peace • Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia • (pride in ones country) – Failures of the world War I Peace Settlement • Treaty of Versailles creates problems in Europe with the reconfiguration of country boarders and the creation of new countries. These problems lead to Dictators being able to seize power. – Joseph Stalin Transforms the Soviet Union • Stalin “man of steel” creates communist state. By 1939 he establishes a Totalitarian government that tried to exert control over every citizen (individuals have no rights and gov. suppresses all opposition.) The Rise of Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini who called himself II Deuce “the leader" establish Totalitarian regime in Italy. By 1921 he established a fascist party, (fascism) which stressed nationalism placing the interests of the state above the individual. His followers were “Black Shirts” – Took advantage of wounded national pride, fears over high unemployment and inflation (high prices for goods, money is not worth much) – Made Italy very efficient, but it was done by crushing opposition and bringing Italy under his control Dictators Threaten World Peace • Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia – The Nazis take over Germany • Adolf Hitler Der Fuhrer “the leader”, and Austrian immigrant to Germany rose to power as a powerful public speaker. Mein Kampf his book of basic beliefs of Nazism (German brand of fascism extreme nationalism) that became the plan of action for the Nazi party – to unite all German speaking people into one German Empire. Goals of the Nazis • Wanted racial “purification” = blue-eyed, blond hair “Aryans” to form a “master race” • Wanted to expand the national living space to obtain land and soil that Germans are entitled to. – Once elected Prime Minister he takes apart the Weimar Republic (Democratic government of Germany) and establishes the Third Reich “Third German Empire.” Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia • Militarists gain control in Japan – Nationalistic Military leaders seize control of Japan and pull out of The League of Nations, sharing Hitler’s desire for more land and living space. They invade Manchuria province of China and seize it in 1931. • Aggression in Europe and Africa – League of Nations doesn’t take action against Japan and Europe’s dictators take notice of this. – Hitler withdraws Germany from The League of Nations and invades Rhineland (region boarding France and Belgium). – Mussolini also moves to invade Ethiopia (one of Africa’s few remaining independent countries!) Spain • Civil war Breaks out in Spain – General Francisco Franco leads rebellion against Spanish Republic to form a fascist party in Spain. Americans and African Americans go fight in Spain to stop spread of fascism “Abraham Lincoln Battalion”. • Spain remains technically neutral throughout the war, but is far more sympathetic towards the Axis powers U.S. Response • The U.S. Responds Cautiously – Americans cling to Isolationism • Roosevelt’s foreign policies recognize Soviet Union and accept them. Congress passes Neutrality Acts first 2 acts that outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. 3rd act extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaged in civil war (Spain). • Qqq Franklin Delano Roosevelt War in Europe Begins • Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall • (Hitler claims that “Germany needs peace . . . . Germany wants peace.”) – Union with Austria • 3/12/1938 German troops take an unopposed Austria whose 6 mil. People (most Germans) favored unification. – Bargaining for the Sudetenland • Sudetenland western border regions of Czechoslovakia contained about 3 million German-speaking people, that Hitler claimed Czech was abusing so they invaded. Disagreement over how to Handle Hitler • France and Britain promise to protect Czech. But Hitler calls leaders (Edouard Daladier – France and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin to Munich to assure them this is his last territorial demand and they believe him so they do nothing. – Winston Churchill, Chamberlain’s political rival, disagreed with the signing of the Munich Agreement. Appeasement – or giving up principles to pacify an aggressor – was a shameful policy. German Aggression Expands • The German Offensive Begins – The Soviet Union Declares Neutrality • Poland has a large German speaking population which Hitler claims is being abused so he prepares invasion. • Stalin signs a nonaggression pact with Hitler agreeing that the two countries will never attack each other. – Blitzkrieg in Poland • Or lightning war, used new military technology of fast tanks and aircraft to make military advances. It worked as fighting was over in 3 weeks! – The Phony War (Sitzkrieg or “Sitting war”) • France and Britain troops on the Maginot Line, a system of fortifications built along France’s eastern border (pg 744), sit and stare at Germany waiting to see what will happen. The Fall of France and Battle of Britain • France and Britain Fight On – The Fall of France • Germany invades and traps French and British on beaches of Dunkirk next to English Channel. More than 800 vessels ferry them to safety across the channel. • Few days later Italy invades France from south in support of Germany. France is split in two with Germans occupying the north and Italy in the south. • French General Charles de Gaulle flees to Britain and sets up a government of exile “France lost the battle . . . Not the war!” – The Battle of Britain • Germany launches naval and aircraft attacks on London. • Britain (RAF) fights back using radar to help identify and shoot down enemy planes. • On 9/15/1940 the Royal Air Force (RAF) shoots down 185 Germans only loosing 26 of their own. • 6 weeks later Hitler called off the invasion. The Holocaust (Systematic murder of 11 million Europeans more than half were Jews.) • The Persecution Begins – Jews Targeted • Anti-Semitism or hatred of Jews was common in many European countries and Hitler builds upon this blaming them for the economic problems of the German people. • Nuremberg laws strip Jews of their German Citizenship, jobs, and property. – Kristallnacht “Night of broken glass” • Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi’s attack Jewish homes, stores, synagogues across Germany. 100 Jews killed – 30,000 arrested. The Persecution Begins • A Flood of Jewish Refugees – 40,000 flee to France – who won’t accept any more. – 80,000 flee to Britain – who won’t accept any more. – 30,000 flee to Palestine (Israel) – who won’t accept any more. – 100,000 come to the U.S. (Physicist Albert Einstein, Author Thomas Mann, Architect Walter Gropius) during the Great Depression. The Holocaust (Systematic murder of 11 million Europeans more than half were Jews.) – The Plight of the St. Louis • Ocean liner’s 943 Jewish passengers fled to America. 740 had immigration papers. Coast Guard followed liner preventing it from docking. It returns to Germany and more than ½ of the passengers were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust Progresses • Hitler’s “Final Solution” – Genocide, deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population – The Condemned • Nazis target others who threaten “master race” = homosexuals, mentally handicapped, mentally ill, physically disabled and incurably ill. – Forced Relocation • Ghetto’s – Jewish forced to live in segregated areas in certain Polish cities. Pictured above. – Concentration Camps or labor camps • Jews were forced from their homes into these camps which were used to house the “undesirables.” Life in the camps consisted of hunger, humiliation, and work that almost always ended in death. The Final Stage • Mass Exterminations – Each Camp had a gas chamber that killed 12,000 people everyday. • Doctors separated those strong enough to work from those who were not and should be killed. • At first bodies were buried in mass graves. • Crematoriums were then installed or bodies were then burned in a mass pit. – Some were killed: shot, hanged, or injected. – Others died as a result of medical experiments carried out by camp doctors. • The Survivors – 6 million Jews died in the death camps, some managed to survive them. – Others survived through the help of others, that helped them escape the Holocaust. America Moves Toward War • The United States Musters Its Forces – Moving cautiously away from neutrality • Cash – carry – Roosevelt passes law that allows warring nations to buy weapons from US as long as they pay cash and carry them in their own vessels/vehicles. – The Axis Threat • Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact making them known as the Axis Powers. – Building US Defenses • In light of Nazi takeovers in Europe US increases National Defense spending. – Roosevelt Runs for a 3rd Term • Promises to keep U.S. out of the war. America Moves Toward War • The Great Arsenal of Democracy – The Lend-Lease Plan/Act • Britain runs out of cash so Roosevelt suggests a plan that the U.S. would lend or lease weapons to any country whose defense was vital to the U.S. – Supporting Stalin • Hitler breaks agreement with Soviet Union and invades. U.S. sends Lend-Lease supplies to support “the enemy of my enemy [who] is my friend.” – German Wolf Packs • Hitler’s U-boats attack U.S. ships trying to supply LendLease aids to Britain and Soviet Union. U.S. Plans for War • FDR Plans for War – The Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill secretly meet and pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas. • Became basis for “Declaration of the United Nations” (suggested by Roosevelt) expressed the common purpose of the Allies (those nations fighting the Axis Powers) 26 nations 4/5th of the human race signed the declaration. – Shoot on Sight • Roosevelt orders US Navy to shoot German submarines on sight. American Entry Into War • Japan Attacks the U.S. – Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific • French, British, & Dutch colonies lay unprotected in Asia so Japan moves on them. – Peace talks are questioned • 11/5/1941 Japan’s leader orders navy to prepare attack on U.S. • Peace talks begin but fail. • 12/6/1941 Japan rejects all American peace proposals. “This means war” – Roosevelt declared. Pearl Harbor – The attack on Pearl Harbor 12/7/1941 • 180 Japanese war planes launched from 6 carriers attack Hawaii’s Island of Oahu’s Pearl Harbor. • 2,403 killed – 1,178 wounded • Damaged 21 ships = 8 battleships, 300 aircraft, nearly the whole U.S. Pacific fleet. – Reaction to Pearl Harbor • 12/8/1941 Roosevelt speaks to congress “December 7th 1941 is a date that will live in infamy” Congress approves Roosevelt’s request for a Declaration of War.