Download New American Diplomacy - United States History

New American Diplomacy
Mr. Knoblauch
Social Studies
Council Rock School District
Main Idea A:
When the United States became a major power in
Asia, its main interest was in commerce=TRADE!
Open Door Policy
• U.S policy that allowed each foreign (Western)
nation in China to trade freely in the other
nations’ “sphere of influence.”
• In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay asked
countries with leaseholds in China (Germany,
France, & Britain) not do discriminate against
other nations wanting to do business in their
sphere of influence.
• Essentially, this policy was encouraged by the
U.S. to ensure that no single western imperial
power could dominate trade regulations in China.
What did China have to offer?
1. Tea
2. Spices
3. Silk
Sphere of Influence: Economics
• Section of a country where a foreign imperial power
enjoys special rights and powers over a “weaker”
nation.
Economic Example=China
• By 1900, China was heavily controlled by Western
foreign nations who tended to dominate key trading
ports, such as Hong Kong.
• Between 1895 and 1900, U.S. exports to China
quadrupled.
Main Idea B:
•President Theodore
Roosevelt
continued to
expand the
influence of the
United States
abroad.
Sphere of Influence: Foreign Policy
In international politics, sphere of influence refers to a CLAIM by a
state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or
territory.
Foreign Policy Example 1:
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) asserted a U.S. sphere of influence in the
“New World,” excluding further European colonization in the
Americas and foreshadowing attempts by the United States to
intervene in the internal affairs of smaller neighbors.
Sphere of Influence
Foreign Policy Example 2:
• The Roosevelt Corollary continued the legacy of the
Monroe Doctrine.
• It stated that the United States would intervene in Latin
American affairs when necessary to maintain economic
and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.
• The United States first applied this in the Dominican
Republic, which had fallen behind on its debt payments
to European nations.
Philippines
Cuba
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Theodore Roosevelt and the Panama Canal
• Roosevelt believed that displaying U.S.
naval power to the world would deter
nations from fighting.
• He expressed this belief with a West
African saying, “Speak softly and carry a
big stick.”
• His “big stick” policy was evident in the
U.S. acquisition and construction of the
Panama Canal, and his “Great White
Fleet.”
Great White Fleet
• The Great White Fleet was the popular nickname for the United
States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the
globe from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 by order of U.S.
President Theodore Roosevelt.
• It consisted of 16 battleships divided into two squadrons, along with
various escorts.
• Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American military power
and blue-water navy capability.
• Hoping to enforce treaties and protect overseas holdings, the U.S.
Congress appropriated funds to build American sea power.
Panama Canal
• Roosevelt and others believed that
having a canal through Central
America was vital to U.S. military
power in the world and would save
time and money for commercial
and military shipping.
• In 1903, the U.S. signed a treaty
with Panama agreeing to build a
canal connected the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans.
http://www.history.com/shows/modernmarvels/videos/inside-the-panama-canal
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
• Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft,
placed less emphasis on military force and more
on economic development.
• Taft believed that supporting Latin American
industry would increase trade and profits for
American businesses and lift Latin America
countries out of poverty and social disorder.
• To give Europeans less reason to intervene in
Latin American affairs, Taft’s administration
worked to replace European loans with loans
from American banks.
5 Things We Learned Today
• 1. Great White Fleet and Panama Canal displayed U.S. military power
to the world
• 2. 7.2 % of our debt is owed to China***
• 3. Taft focused on economic development in Latin America
• 4. Roosevelt Corollary continued the legacy of the Monroe
Doctrine=Western Hemisphere
• 5. Panama Canal saved time and money for commercial and military
shipping
5 Things We Learned Today
• 1. China’s key exports*
• 2. Dollar Diplomacy= gives Europeans less reason to intervene in
economic affairs through U.S. backed loans
• 3. Sphere of Influence…Political vs. Economic definitions*
• 4. Panama Canal saved time and money for commercial and military
shipping
• 5. Roosevelt’s “Great White Fleet” =navy ships to showcase U.S.
military power
Main Idea C:
•President Woodrow
Wilson wanted to
change the tone of U.S.
foreign policy, but
some of his actions
damaged U.S. relations.
President Woodrow Wilson
• Wilson opposed imperialism.
• He believed that democracy was essential to a nation’s stability and
prosperity.
• He wanted the United States to promote democracy to create a
world free of revolution and war.
• He hoped the United States would lead by moral example, but his
first international crisis thwarted that hope.
The Mexican Revolution
• Francisco Madero, a reformer who seemed to
support democracy, constitutional
government, and land reform, led the
revolution.
• In 1913 Madero was murdered by
conservatives who were worried about his
policies regarding land reform, and General
Victoriano Huerta seized power.
President Wilson vs. Huerta
• Huerta’s brutality repulsed Wilson, who refused to recognize the new
government.
• Instead, Wilson announced a new policy. To win U.S. recognition,
groups that seized power in Latin America would have to establish a
government based on law, not on force.
• Wilson believed that, without U.S. support, Huerta soon would be
overthrown. Meanwhile, Wilson ordered the navy to intercept arms
shipments to Huerta’s government. He also permitted Americans to
arm Huerta’s opponents.
Wilson Sends Troops Into Mexico
• Although the president expected the Mexican
people to welcome his action, anti-American
riots broke out.
• Wilson then accepted international mediation
to settle the dispute.
• Venustiano Carranza, whose forces had
acquired arms from the United States, became
Mexico’s president.
Wilson’s Legacy in Latin America
• Wilson’s Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations.
• The British ridiculed the president’s attempt to “shoot” the Mexicans
into self-government.
• Latin Americans regarded his “moral imperialism” as no improvement
over Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy.
• In fact, Wilson followed Roosevelt’s example in the Caribbean. In
1914 he negotiated exclusive rights for naval bases and a canal with
Nicaragua. In 1915 he sent marines into Haiti to put down a rebellion.