Download The United States in Latin America

The United States in Latin
America and Asia
Foreign Policy Under
T. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
The Philippines Insurrection
• Spanish-American war ended in
1898; US purchased Philippines
from Spain; Filipino revolt against
American rule began in 1899
• Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino
leader who had fought with the
American’s against the Spanish
during the S-A War
• American refusal to give up the
Philippines costs 5,000 American
and 200,000 Filipino lives (yep…we
used Concentration Camps)
• US gives the Filipinos (very) limited
self rule in 1901.
• The Philippines are given their
independence in 1946.
China
• Big and once wealthy, by 1899,
China had fallen into political,
economic and military disarray,
with a weak imperial family…a
perfect target for Imperialism.
• Rather than fighting over the
area, European colonial powers
carved China up into special
trading zones- “Spheres of
Influence” In each zone, a
particular country had special
trade and investment privileges.
• America had no zone.
• So what did we do?
Queen Victoria (UK), William II (Germany),
Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and a
samurai (Japan) cutting up a Chine ("China" in
French) cake
US Declared Equal and Free Trade in China:
• Riding high on our recent win in
the S-A War, we had gained some
confidence.
• US Secretary of State John Hay
wrote a series of Open Door
Notes to the major Imperial
powers. In his Open Door Policy,
Hay asked the imperial powers to
accept all nations having equal
trading privileges in China…most
of the nations evaded a response,
so Hay took this as a general
acceptance of his Open Door
Policy, and declared it so, and the
US began trading freely in China.
Boxer Rebellion
• In 1900 a secret society of
Chinese nationalists, tired of
European influence in China,
started a rebellion.
• They targeted Western
settlements and Christian
missionaries.
• (Called themselves “The
Righteous and Harmonious
Fists”…thus “Boxer Rebellion”)
• US troops joined an
international force that quickly
succeeded in putting down the
Rebellion
US Foreign Policy
Under
T. Roosevelt, Taft, and
Wilson
Japan
• The Japanese begin to create their own empire around
the same time as the US, so naturally competitive.
• Tensions begin to rise between the Japanese and the
US, first after T. Roosevelt brokered the treaty between
Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War...
• Then tensions rose further when the San Francisco
School Board segregated their schools, making the
Japanese very angry…a national insult
• Gentleman’s Agreement: Japanese agreed to limit
Japanese emigration to the US, while the San
Francisco school board ended its discriminatory policy.
Roosevelt: Big stick Diplomacy
• Term comes from the saying
“speak softly and carry a big
stick, and you will go far.”
• Roosevelt relied on having a
strong military and
aggressive foreign policy to
build America’s reputation
and achieve American
goals.
• Aggressive Foreign Policy –
we can intervene wherever
we want, because we can
Panama Canal
• Now that the US had and empire from Puerto Rico to
the Philippines, we wanted a canal through Central
America to connect our far-flung Empire. (cut the trip
in ½)
• The narrowest path was through modern-day
Panama, but Colombia controlled the Isthmus and
would not allow US access to dig the canal.
• A Panamanian rebellion was engineered and
militarily supported by the US…and in 1903, the
newly independent Panama gave the use of the land
to the US in return for 10 million dollars and 250,000
dollars a year.
First started (in 1881) by a French company and abandoned in
1889, The French Panama Canal construction equipment and
excavations were purchased for $40 million, and the 48-mile
Canal construction was completed from 1904 to 1914. When
finished, the canal would cut the trip between the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans in half.
Roosevelt Corollary
• Added to the Monroe Doctrine
• Instead of allowing a European
nation to intervene in a Latin
American nation to enforce debt
repayment, the US would send
military force to any Latin
American country that was
delinquent in paying their
European debts…US would then
monitor customs tax collections
until European debts were
satisfied.
• Corollary used as a justification
for sending US troops to Haiti,
Honduras, DR, Nicaragua
Great White Fleet
Flagship Connecticut: one of a set of
commemorative postcards of the ships of the
Great White Fleet
• The popular nickname for
the US Navy battle fleet
that completed a “goodwill”
circumnavigation of the
globe from December 16,
1907 to February 22, 1909
by order of President
Theodore Roosevelt.
• 16 Brand-Spankin’ new allsteel American Battleships
(painted bright white) went
on a (naval muscle-flexing)
tour around the
world…Now that is a Big
Stick!
Taft: Dollar Diplomacy
• Substitute “Dollars for bullets”
• Instead of having a big stick
(strong military/aggressive
foreign policy), concentrate on
increasing private American
trade and financial
investments in foreign nations
and tie the economies of the
smaller/weaker countries to the
economy of the United States.
• Sometimes Taft still had to use
the Big American Stick to
enforce issues and protect
American interests (ex.
Nicaragua civil war, 1912)
• Example of $ Diplomacy:
– Private American Investment
in Railroads in China (1911)
Wilson: Moral Diplomacy
• Wilson (Democrat) proclaimed he would
“never again seek one additional foot of
territory by conquest” (as had his Republican
predecessors)
• Instead he would promote “human rights,
national integrity and opportunity” and work
on righting past wrongs:
– US citizenship to Puerto Ricans and
limited self-rule
– Full territorial status, bill of rights,
universal male suffrage, and promise of
independence for Filipinos
• But sometimes Moral Diplomacy translated
into him using the US military to guide
countries in the direction the US (Wilson)
wanted them to go…
• US determined to only deal with Democratic
states.
In Mexico
• 1914- US (Wilson)Interfered in the Mexican
Revolution against new dictatorial regime, calling it a
“government of butchers”.
• US sent ships and occupied the port of Veracruz in
order to enforce an arms embargo against the
Mexican dictatorial government, which soon
collapsed.
• But new, US-backed government was slow to
reform, so yet another Mexican rebellion, led by
Pancho Villa
• Considering Pancho Villa an outlaw, Wilson sent
General John Pershing (and 10,000 US troops)
chasing after Mexican Revolutionary Hero Pancho
Villa around the Southwest and Northern
Mexico…We gave up the hunt in 1917, as WWI
became a much bigger issue.
• Pancho Villa was assassinated in 1917, but not by
Discussion question
• Discuss with the people next to you and
write the answer into your writing notebook.
ENTRY # 32
• Which of the three diplomacy policies (Big
Stick, Moral, Dollar) was of the largest
benefit to the United States during the
period of Imperialism? How about over the
long term? What do we practice now?
Explain.