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Respiratory System Pulmonary Ventalation Muscles required: external/ internal intercostals and the diaghragm (Barbaque intercostals) Process: Inhale (inspiration) plural external intercostals and diaghram contraction creates a larger space in the cavities. 1) When the diaghragm contracts it pushes down and your abdoman pushes out. This effect causes air ro be pulled into you lungs. 2) When the external intercostals contract it raises your rib cage. This also causes air to be pulled into the lungs. Process: Exhale (expiration) - Relax the external intercostals and diaghragm Internal intercostals are only used when you force air out of your lungs beyond the normal! excersizing !!! External Respiration Process: of exchanging gases between the Alveoli (AL-V-LI) of the lung (air sacs) and the blood. Oxygen leaves the alveoli lung membrane diffuse into the capillary and attach to the hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin. While carbon dioxide leaves the capillary and enters the alveoli. Interrnal Respiration Process: Oxygen leaves the arterial blood capillary and enters the body cell and the carbondioxide leaves the cell diffuses into the venial blood capillary. This process happens constantly all over the body. Cellular Respiration This process takes place inside every cell of your body. Oxygen is used in the cells mitochondra to produce ATP. Look at Page 387 This is a midsagittal cut through the throat area! To do a tracing of this system you would start at : 1) External Nares (Nostrals) (ciliated columnar epthelium) 2) Nasal Cavity (warm, filter air) (tonsals- lymphatic system) 3) Nasopharynx (throat) 4) Oropharynx 5) Laryngopharynx (lar-in-geo-pharx) (By the epiglottis) 6) past the vocal folds (18) 7) larynx (voice box) - you need cartilage so the larynx does not collapse when you inhale a) Thyroid cartilage “adams apple”(7) b) Cricoid Cartilage (12) 8) Trachea (ciliated columnar epithelium cells) (Start of the respiratory Tree!!!) 3/4 inch dia a) tracheal cartilage (C - shaped) With esphagus behind it b) trachealis muscle and Swallowing Figure 13.4 page 390 9) Primary bronchus or bronchi = Right (22) Left (23) (ciliated columnar epithelium cells) 10) secondary bronchus = one for each lobe of the lungs a) right has 3 lobes b) left has 2 lobes (heart) 11) tertiary bronchi - 20 total 12) bronchiole - 16 divisions 1 Start With 20 tertiary bronchi = 40 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 40 = 80 80 = 160 160=320 320=640 640=1280 1280=2560 2560=5120 5120=10240 10240=20480 20480=40960 40960=81,920 81,920=163,840 163,840=327,680 327,680=655,360 655,360=1,310,720 13) Aveolar Duct (tube) 14) Alveolar Sac (round) 15) Alveoli (terminal bronchiole = no gas exchange) (air slows) (Respiratory bronchiole) gas exchange