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MUSCLES OF THE
FACE, HEAD AND
NECK
MUSCLES OF THE
ABDOMINAL WALL
Naming Skeletal Muscles
[INSERT Table. 11.1-please use 2 slides if
necessary]
Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles of the facial expression:
•Muscles that modify the expression of the face.
•Arranged as sphincters and dilators around the
orifices of the face (e.g. orbit, nose, and mouth)
•Supplied by the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve)
•Arise from the bones of the skull and Inserted into the
skin.
The muscles of mastication
• Are four in number.
• They are supplied by the mandibular branch of
Trigeminal nerve.
• They include: Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral pterygoid
and Medial pterygoid muscles.
Muscles of mastication
Muscles of Mastication
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Action
Temporalis
Temporal fossa
Coronoid
process of
mandible
Mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve
Elevates and
retracts
mandible
Masseter
Zygomatic arch
Lateral side
of
mandibular
ramus
Mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve
Elevates and
protracts
mandible
Lateral
Pterygoid
Lateral side of
lateral
pterygoid plate
and greater
wing of
sphenoid
Condylar
process of
mandible
Mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve
Depress and
protracts
mandible
Medial
Pterygoid
Medial side of
lateral
pterygoid plate
and maxilla
Medial
surface of
mandible
Mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve
Elevates and
protracts
mandible
• Extrensic Muscles of the Tongue
– Palatoglossus
• Originates at palate
– Styloglossus
• Originates at styloid process
– Genioglossus
• Originates at chin
– Hypoglossus
• Originates at hyoid bone
Muscles of the tongue
The tongue is vital for
mastication and speech.
Function:
1.
It moves food around the mouth.
2.
With the buccinator muscle it
holds the food in place while the
teeth grind it.
3.
It pushes food up towards the
palate and back towards the
pharynx to initiate swallowing.
4.
It changes shape to modify sound
during speech.
Tongue muscles
• Muscles of the Pharynx
– Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
• Move food into esophagus
– Laryngeal elevator muscles
• Elevate the larynx
– Palatal muscles
• Lift the soft palate
• Anterior Muscles of the Neck
(supra hyiod muscles)
– Digastric
• From chin to hyoid
• And hyoid to mastoid
– Mylohyoid
• Floor of the mouth
– Geniohyoid
• Between hyoid and chin
suprahyoid muscles
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
INNERVATION
Digastric
•Digastric notch,
•medial surface of
base of mastoid
process
•Digastric fossa
•Depress the
mandible
•Posterior belly: facial
nerve
•Anterior belly:nerve
to mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
•Back of styloid
process near the base
of skull
•By two slips into the
junction between the
greater horn and body
of hyoid bone
•ELevate hyoid bone
•Facial nerve
Mylohyoid
•Whole length of
mylohyoid line of its
own side on the inner
aspect of the
mandible from medial
to the third molar
tooth to below the
mental spines
•Anterior ¾: into each
other (interdigitation)
•Posterior ¼: anterior
surface of the body of
hyoid bone
•Forms a mobile but
stable floor of the
mouth
•Mylohyoid nerve
Geniohyoid
•Inferior mental spine
•Upper border of the
body of hyoid bone.
•Protracts and
elevates the hyoid
bone in swallowing or
if the hyoid is fixed to
depresses the
mandible.
•C1(superior root of
ansa cervicalis)
• Anterior Muscles of the Neck
– Stylohyoid
• Between hyloid and styloid
– Sternocleidomastoid
• From clavicle and sternum to mastoid
– Omohyoid
• Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid
Sternocleidomastoid Muscles
Both sides:
extension of
head at
atlantooccipit
al joint &
flexion of
neck side:
Right
rotation to left
& lateral
flexion to right
Left side:
rotation to
right & lateral
flexion to left
Stenocleidomastoid muscle
Origin:
Manubrium sterni and medial third
of the clavicle
Insertion:
Mastoid process of temporal bone.
Nerve supply:
Accessory nerve, C2 and C3
Action
When the two muscles acting
together, they extend head and flex
neck. One muscle rotates the head
to the opposite side.
Table of Muscles
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve Supply
Sternohyoid
sternum
hyoid
ansa
Omohyoid
Suprascapular
notch
hyoid
ansa
Sternothyroid
Below
sternohyoid on
manubrium
Thyroid
cartilage
oblique line
ansa
Thyrohyoid
Thyroid
cartilage
oblique line
hyoid
C1-C2 (ansa)
Anterior Belly
Digastric
----intermediate
tendon------
Inner surface of
mandile
Trigeminal
nerve
Posterior Belly
Digastric
Medial aspect
of the mastoid
process
-intermediate
tendon-
Facial nerve
Mylohyoid
Mylohyoid line
of mandible
Hyoid bone
Trigeminal
nerve
Hyoglossus
Hyoid bone
Lateral side of
tongue
hypoglossal
Stylohyoid
Styloid process
hyoid
Facial nerve
Respiratory muscles
Muscles of neck
• The SCALENE ANTERIOR MUSCLE appears in the lower
anterior corner of the triangle, often under the cover of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
35
Thoracic skeleton post view
36
Typical rib
Atypical ribs
37
Thoracic vertebrae
38
Sternum and Joints
39
Intercostal muscles
 External
 Internal
 Innermost
 Subcostalis
 Intercostalis intima
 Sternocostalis {transversus thoracis }
40
Intercostal muscles
41
External and internal intercostal muscles
42
External and internal intercostal muscles
43
External and internal intercostal muscles
44
Subcostalis, Intercostalis intima & Sternocostalis
45
Intercostal arteries, nerves, and vein
46
Intercostal nerve
47
Pleural tap / Paracentesis thoracis
48
Diaphragm
A circumpennate muscle that separates between thoracic and abdominal cavity.
Causes the major movement produced during breathing.
Origin; interior of the ribs, sternum and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion; central tendon
Nerve supply: Phrenic nerve
Action: Inspiration, depresses the floor of the thorax.
Apertures of the
diaphragm
Level
Structures passing through
Caval
T8
Inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve.
Oesophageal
T10
Oesophagus, Right and left vagus
nerves, oesophageal branches of left
gastric vessels, lymphatics.
Aortic
T12
Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
Anterolateral wall (M rectus abdominis,
M oblique abdominis externus, M
oblique abdominis internus and M
transverse abdominis).
1. The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate
the vertebral column.
2. Contraction of the abdominal muscles when the vertebral
column is fixed decreases the volume of the abdominal
and thoracic cavities and increases the intra-abdominal
pressure which aids in defecation, urination and child
birth.
3. The crossing pattern of the muscle fibers creates a strong
anterior abdominal wall that holds and protects the
abdominal viscera.
Anterolateral wall (M rectus abdominis, M oblique abdominis externus,
M oblique abdominis internus and M transverse abdominis).
Rectus Sheath:
Long fibrous sheath that encloses the rectus
abdominis and pyramidalis muscles.
Contents:
1. The lower six thoracic nerves (anterior rami)
2. Superior and inferior epigastric vessels
3. Lymph vessels.
Formation:
It is formed mainly by the aponeurosis of the three lateral abdominal muscles.
Above the costal margin:
Anterior wall
external oblique
Posterior wall
costal cartilage
Between the costal margin and the level of anterior superior iliac
spine: Internal oblique split to enclose the rectus abdominis
muscle.
Anterior wall
external oblique + anterior lamina of internal
oblique.
Posterior wall
costal cartilage + posterior lamina of internal
oblique.
Between the level of anterior superior iliac spine and pubis, the
aponeuroses of all three muscles form the anterior wall.
The posterior wall is absent and the rectus abdominis is in contact with
fascia transversalis.
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Posterior abdominal wall
(M quadratus lumborum and M psoas major).
Psoas major muscle
Origin: Transverse processes and side of bodies of lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral
discs.
Insertion: lesser trochanter
Nerve supply: lumbar nerves
Action: Flex the thigh at the hip joint on the trunk.
Quadratus
Lumborum