Download Hundred Years` War

CHAPTER 9
The Late Middle Ages
Social and Political Breakdown
(1300-1527)
Chapter 9 BIG QUESTIONS
• How did the Hundred Years’ War impact
national identity in England and France?
• What were the social, economic and political
effects of the Bubonic Plague?
• How did the balance between secular and
ecclesiastical power change during the Late
Middle Ages?
Hundred Year’s War
Focus Question
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact
national identity in England and France?
Hundred Years’ War: Summary
1337-1453 (on & off)
 England and France, mainly fought on
French soil
 England = victor until 1429
 French eventually removed British

The Hundred Years’ War: Causes
• French king (Philip IV) died
without a male successor and
the English king (Edward III)
claimed it for himself. (Due to
his Norman Heritage)
• The French instead chose
Charles IV, a cousin, to inherit
the throne
• England and France quarreled
over territories
Background – from bbc.com
The overseas possessions of the English kings were the root
cause of the tensions with the kings of France, and the tensions
reached right back to 1066. William the Conqueror was already
duke of Normandy when he became king of England. His greatgrandson Henry II, at his accession in 1154, was already count of
Anjou by inheritance from his father and duke of Aquitaine
(Gascony and Poitou) in right of his wife Eleanor.
These trans-Channel possessions made the kings of England
easily the mightiest of the king of France’s vassals, and the
inevitable friction between them repeatedly escalated into open
hostilities. The Hundred Years War grew out of these earlier
clashes and their consequences.
French + English Monarchs
English King
French King, died
with no male heir
Cousin, heir to
French throne,
Heir to English
throne, also claimed
French throne
Changing Warfare: New Weapons
• The English Longbow (6 ft. tall) was
introduced during the Hundred Years
War and could fire 3 arrows in the
time a French crossbowman could
fire one arrow.
• It allowed archers to pierce medieval
armor reducing the impact of
mounted cavalry and armor.
• The Cannon was also introduced at
the end of the war and allowed the
French to lay siege to and capture
English strongholds.
Longbow vs. Crossbow
Treaty of Bretigny (1360)
• King Edward III (England) & King John II (France)
• England renounced its claim to the French throne
BUT…
• French had to pay a massive ransom to get King
John back (who had been captured) and England
solidified their control over territories in France
• (Major fail for France)
Battle of Agincourt (1415)
• Henry V’s English Army was outnumbered at least 6:1
by the French Army
• Charles VI on the throne for France
• English = mainly bows while French = mainly cavalry
• Huge victory for English.
The French lost thousands
while the English lost
merely hundreds
Treaty of Troyes (1420)
• Duke of Burgundy abandoned alliance with the
French & formed alliance with English
• Charles VI agreed to Treaty of Troyes - granted the
right to French Throne to Henry V
• Charles VII was technically disinherited, though
most French ignored this
Charles VII
Joan of Arc
• 1412-1431
• French Peasant / Mystic
(heard voices)
• National Hero
• Approached Charles VII to
persuade him to let her help
deliver city of Orleans
• Victory at Orleans was a
TURNING POINT of Hundred
Years’ War
• Heretic and Saint
End of the War
• Joan of Arc helped end the war by
leading French forces to victory at
a fort city near Orleans.
• This allowed Charles VII to solidify
his position as king of France.
• Joan of Arc was later captured by
the English and burnt at the stake
for being a ‘witch’.
• Her death helped to further
motivate the French for she was
seen as a martyr.
Impact of the War
• A feeling of nationalism
emerged in England and France.
People saw the king as a
national leader and fought for
their country not simply their
feudal lord.
• Power and prestige of the
French monarch increased.
• England suffered internal
turmoil and wars over the
English crown.
• Introduction of new weapons
changed the history of warfare.
Feudalism
(Before)
vs.
Loyalty is to lords, towns,
villages (manors)
Nationalism
(After)
Loyalty is to
king/queen country
Europe After
Hundred Year’s War
Focus Question
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact
national identity in England and France?
Extra Resources
•http://usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh381/Hundred%20Years%20
War%20Chronology.htm
•http://www.biography.com/#!/people/joan-of-arc-9354756
“Black Death”
Bring out your dead
Focus Question
What were the social, economic and political
effects of the Bubonic Plague?
The Black Death: Summary
• 1347-1350
• Types of Plagues
– Septicemic
– Pneumonic
– Bubonic  Most widespread, carried by fleas on rats
• 1/3 of Europe’s
population lost
(75 – 250 million??)
Other things going on in the
14th century…
• “Little Ice Age” produced a great famine in the
years 1315 – 1317
• Widespread crop failures, death and starvation
• Weakened health = more susceptible to
diseases like the Plague
The Black Death Enters Europe
Ports of Sicily
The Black Death Enters Europe
• Believed to have originated in Asia
• Carried across Black Sea to Constantinople
• Entered Europe through ports in Italy &
spread north
The Black Death: Social Effects
• Obsession with death
• Rise of Flagellants –people who whipped
themselves to win forgiveness of God
• Anti-Semitism (blamed the Jews)
• Severe population decline
Europe’s Population
During the Late Middle Ages
Year
Population
1000
38 million
1100
48 million
1200
59 million
1300
70 million
1347
75 million
1352
50 million
Statistics found at
www.byu.edu/ipt/projects/middleages/LifeTimes/Plague.html
The Black Death: Social Effects
• Peasant’s Revolt due to rising class tensions
(England and France)
• Peasants upset with taxes and low wages
The Black Death: Economic/Political
Effects
• Labor shortage (peasants died)
• Rise in labor costs (supply & demand)
• Weakened manorial system and landowners
(lords)
Opposing Viewpoints: The Black Death
Opposing Viewpoints: The Black Death
Opposing Viewpoints: The Black Death
Focus Question
What were the social, economic and political
effects of the Bubonic Plague?
Extra Resources
• http://www.history.com/topics/black-death
Problems in the Church
Focus Question
How/why did the balance between secular and
ecclesiastical power change during the Late
Middle Ages?
Preview:
Struggle: Church rulers (Pope, priests) vs.
Secular rulers (kings)
Who has the ultimate authority?
Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
• Issued Unam Sanctum – strongest statement
ever made by a Pope about papal authority
• Was going to excommunicate Philip IV for taxing
French clergy
• Before he could, captured by French and
eventually died
Legacy created 
victory of monarchy
over papacy
Avignon Papacy (1305-1377)
• New French Pope Clement V moved from Rome to
Avignon
• Led to rise in anti-papal sentiment and decline in
papal power
• Expanded papal taxes, began selling indulgences
• Moved back to Rome in 1377
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
• In 1378, most cardinals were French
• Rome did NOT want another French pope
elected, threatened cardinals, who elected
Italian Pope Urban VI out of fear
• Soon cardinals called for a return to Avignon,
formed their own conclave, elected Pope
Clement VII, creating SCHISM
URBAN VI
Rome
Supported by England,
most of Italy, HRE
CLEMENT VII
Avignon
Supported by France,
Spain, southern Italy
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
• Devastating effects on the Catholic Church –
legitimacy of papacy undermined, financial
abuses increased
• Left room for monarchs to move into positions
of power
Focus Question
How/why did the balance between secular and
ecclesiastical power change during the Late
Middle Ages?
Cultural Achievements of Middle Ages
Was it really so “Dark?”
Cultural Achievements
In Early Middle Ages, culture regressed
because of:
• Barbarian invasions
• Feudalism
• People’s concern for most basic essentials of life
Cultural Achievements
In High (late) Middle Ages, culture progressed
because:
• Church provided leadership and support
• Crusades spread knowledge of Byzantine and
Muslim civilization
• Towns = centers of culture and learning
Cultural Achievements
Architecture
– Gothic (1100s+)
• More graceful style
• Featured:
–
–
–
–
Flying buttresses
Pointed arches
Thin walls
Stained-glass windows
Notre Dame
Cultural Achievements
Higher Education
– Universities founded
– Except for religion, relied chiefly on
Aristotle’s writings
– Students faced difficulties:
• Taught in Latin, not vernacular
• Lacked books and libraries
Oxford University
Founded 1096?
Cultural Achievements
Science & invention
– Medieval scientists were quite
unscientific
• Rarely experimented or questioned
• Mainly accepted:
– Popular superstitions
– Ideas of Aristotle
Cultural Achievements
Science & invention (cont’d)
– Scientists:
• Alchemists
• Astrologers
• Roger Bacon
– Science requires:
» Experimentation
» Observation
Cultural Achievements
Philosophy & Theology
• St. Thomas Aquinas
–Wrote Summa Theologica
–Denied conflict between
reason and faith
–Influenced by Aristotle