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UNIT 1 Early Humans 6-1.1 Early Humans/Nomads BELL RINGER • Write about it: • What type of job requires someone to move from place to place? What do they need to take with them? How will they get there? HUNTER-GATHERER COMMUNITIES • The first humans were nomads who continually traveled in search for food. • Nomad – person who travels from place to place Ugh…Me so Hungry! HUNTER-GATHERER COMMUNITIES • As these hunter-gatherer communities developed better ways of doing things, they began to develop into the world’s earliest civilizations. • Hunter-gatherer community – community in which the men hunted animals for food, clothing, and shelter, and the women gathered fruit and berries for food, dyes, and paint. NOMADS • The animals they killed provided meat for food, bones for tools, and hides for clothing. • They set up seasonal camps in caves or rock shelters wherever the animals were plentiful. • Bands migrated when food (plants or animals) became scarce in one location. We’re outta here! Yaba-daba-doo! SPREADING THROUGH THE WORLD READ… • Textbook p. 12 • Using artifacts, researchers have discovered that early peoples lived in parts of East Africa nearly 3.5 million years ago. • Humans moved from East Africa to Europe and Asia thousands of years ago. THE FIRST AMERICANS • Read Textbook p. 14 • Eleven thousand years ago, during the Ice Age, the sea was lower than it is today. • Beringia – a strip of land connecting Asia to North America THE FIRST AMERICANS • People were able to migrate across the land bridge to North America to follow the animals they hunted for food. • Migrate – move from place to place • Land bridge – a narrow strip of land that allowed animals and people to move from one place to another. ICE AGE About 35,000 years ago Ice sheets covered about 1/3 of the earth Result…ocean level lower & land bridges made migration to various parts of world possible MAP • Trace and color this map from your textbook on p. 15. Include the map key. Make yours look as much like the book as possible. • THIS NEEDS TO STAY IN YOUR NOTES!! BELL RINGER (25 MINUTES) • Get out your map from yesterday. Continue working. REMEMBER…make your map look as close to the map in the book as possible! (MAKE IT GOOD…YOU HAVE TIME!!) • The map can be found on page 15 in your textbook! NATURAL ENVIRONMENT • Hunter-gatherers had to adapt to the natural environment in order to survive. • Adapt – to adjust oneself to new conditions or environment • How would your life change if you lived in arctic tundra or the desert? NATURAL ENVIRONMENT • Examples: • as animals migrated, so did people (food) • simple tools were created to construct shelter, hunt, and make clothes TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES • Technology – the way in which humans produce the items they use • Examples: • Stone tools • Using art to express ideas OLD STONE AGE • Old Stone Age – a time from about 3.5 million years ago to about 10,000 years ago where little progress was made • Discoveries: • Fire • Stone tools (rough surfaces and uneven cutting edges) Cave Paintings are Artifacts too. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS • Distinct roles of men and women within hunter-gatherer society • Men hunted for food, clothing, and shelter • Women gathered for food, dyes, and paint 1.How did early people get the food they needed to survive? 2. Why did early people work together? 3. Besides food, for what purposes might early people have worked together? BELL RINGER • Get out a piece of paper and something to write with. • PUT EVERYTHING ELSE AWAY!!! • Write your name (first and last), date, and the class period at the top of the paper. • Number your paper from 1 to 12. Directions: Identify the Continents and Oceans. Do your best with spelling. 10 2 11 9 3 4 7 1 8 12 6 Finished? Turn it in to my DESK to be graded. 5 BELL RINGER •Write about it: • How do you think archaeologists know WHEN and WHERE hunter-gatherer groups lived and WHAT took place there? K KWL CHART W L 6-1.2 Early Humans/Settlement BELL RINGER • Explain the characteristics of huntergatherer groups and their relationship to the natural environment. Use domain specific vocabulary in your answer. • Write at least ONE PARAGRAPH and make sure you have answered the question completely. YOU MAY USE YOUR NOTES! STEPS TOWARD CIVILIZATION • Read p. 18-19 in your textbook • Eventually, humans became tired of moving around all the time. They wanted a more sedentary way of life. • Sedentary – living permanently in one place • An agricultural lifestyle offered this way of living for the humans. STEPS TOWARD CIVILIZATION • Communities began to focus their resources on domestication and irrigation. • Domestication – the taming of wild plants and animals by humans • Examples – herding llamas or goats, having a pet dog • Read p. 21 in your textbook • Irrigation – the process of supplying water to crops • Before irrigation, farmers had to wait for rain to water crops. Irrigation systems let farmers control the amount of water and where the water came from. • Agriculture - farming AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM Advantages Disadvantages • People no longer had to move around for food. • People were able to grow and store their food, creating a surplus. • Communities became • Permanent housing was dependent on a small built. variety of plants. • People could build more • If the weather wasn’t right, complicated tools since or they didn’t irrigate they didn’t have to move properly, there could be no them. food! • People accumulated wealth and property. • Led to specialization of skills. SPECIALIZATION • Read p. 22 • Specialization – a division of work where different jobs were created • Examples: toolmaker, farmers, butcher, clothing maker IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES • A nearby river was often a source of water. • Canals could be dug to connect waterways. • Dams could be built to allow water to collect in reservoirs. HARVESTING AND SURPLUS • People who led an agricultural lifestyle collected their food during harvest time, rather than gathering it all year long as the hunter-gatherers did. • Sometimes, a community had a surplus of one type of crop. • Surplus – an amount greater than what people need and can use SURPLUS • When there was a surplus crop, people had to figure out a way to keep the food safe. • They had to plan for the future and make sure they had enough food to last until the next harvest. • What if there was a drought or a plague? A NEW TREND • Agricultural and sedentary communities grew the population in ways people never thought possible. • People had to find ways to get rid of food waste, human waste, and animal waste so that disease did not spread. • Large families were desired because more children meant more workers. SEQUENCING • Put the following events in chronological order. a) Domesticated crops b) Social divisions within a community c) Production of surplus food d) Domesticated animals e) Technology improves SEQUENCING (ANSWER) 1 • Technology improves 2 • Domesticated crops 3 • Domesticated animals 4 • Production of surplus food 5 • Social divisions within a community GOVERNMENT • In the beginning, the head of the tribe was usually the dominant male. • New technology = food surplus = people need something to do (specialization) and someone to organize it = GOVERNMENT • Villages grew into communities, they began to trade with each other and therefore, needed some system of government. JOURNAL 6-1.2 • Explain the emergence of agriculture and its effect on early human communities, including the domestication of plants and animals, the impact of irrigation techniques, and subsequent food surpluses. • Write at least ONE PARAGRAPH and make sure you have answered the question completely. YOU MAY USE YOUR NOTES! 6-1.3 Ancient River Valley Civilizations RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS • Now that humans are settling instead of traveling around, they need constant access to their basic needs. • It all comes back to WATER! • Solution? • RIVERS!! FOUR RIVER SYSTEMS 1. Tigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia) 2. Nile (Egypt) Make up the Fertile Crescent 3. Indus (India) 4. Huang He (China) Fertile Crescent – The name for the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia together. Shaped like a crescent. FOUR RIVER SYSTEMS WHY LIVE IN A RIVER VALLEY? 1. Food 2. Water 3. Transportation 4. Protection 5. Trade TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER SYSTEM • Two rivers make up this system. The rivers run parallel to each other. At the farthest point, they are about 150 miles from each other. • The civilization on this river is called Mesopotamia. • Mesopotamia – “the land between two rivers” TIGRIS-EUPHRATES MAP Mesopotamia – “land between two rivers” TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. • Early civilizations learned how to use the rivers for their benefit. • They created a system of canals in the area between the two rivers to provide the people with fresh water and irrigation. • Dams and gates were used to control the water. • Canals were also used for transportation and trading. They were big enough for small boats. TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. • Mesopotamia was divided into city-states. • City-state – a city that is an individual unit, complete with its own form of government and traditions • The main city-states of Mesopotamia were Sumer (Sumerians) and Akkad (Akkadians). • The people of both city-states practices similar farming and business methods and had similar customs. • People of these city-states had a marketplace to buy and sell goods. • Read p. 40-41 TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. RELIGION • Temples were built in Mesopotamia as earthly homes for the gods. • Ziggurat – a pyramid-shaped structure in ancient Sumerian culture with a temple at the top • Ziggurats were believed by Mesopotamians to link the heavens and Earth. The closer the temple was to the sky, the closer to their gods they believed they were. TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. RELIGION • The size and magnificence of the temples in Mesopotamia shows the importance of religion to society. • Society – an organized community with established rules and traditions TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. RELIGION • Sumerians and Akkadians practiced polytheism. They believed that the gods and goddesses were responsible for the wellbeing of the people and the fertility of the land. • Polytheism – the worship of MANY gods • If the people were prospering, they believed that the gods were pleased with them. TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. • Sumerians: pg. 49-51 • Judicial system of courts & laws • Developed the 1st law codes • Code of Hammurabi- set of laws that covered different areas of society such as family, economy, and crime. • Named after King Hammurabi of Babylon when he took over Sumer. Trade, education, and law grew under his reign. TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT. • Sumer Inventions pg. 43 • Plow- pulled by oxen • Bronze tools/weapons • Potter’s wheel • Cuneiform writing- oldest in history. Used clay tablets & a stylus (made from a plant). Had symbols/script instead of pictures. NILE RIVER VALLEY 3100 BCE NILE RIVER VALLEY LOCATION/QUICK FACTS • Contains most of Egypt’s population • Longest river in the world • Natural flooding occurs = “the Gift of the Nile” • Leaves behind silt; a rich soil that fertilizes the crops. • Grow many grains; wheat and barley • Built irrigation systems to control the flooding- too much water washes out the crops • Nile = up-ward wind helped trade along the Nile NILE RIVER VALLEY • Hierarchy (levels of power) • People paid taxes through produce (animals & fish) or crops. Had great surplus of crops • Pharaohs = “god kings” • Pyramids- massive stone buildings to honor the gods & animals they worshiped • Pharaohs burial place • Sphinx – body of a lion, human head NILE RIVER VALLEY • Writing system • Hieroglyphics- pictures and symbols that represented syllables and ideas • Egyptian language is one of the oldest and bestdocumented ancient languages NILE RIVER VALLEY • Inventions/Pioneers of: • Engineering • Decimal System • Water Irrigation • Glass Making • How would you have built the pyramids? • • • • • Papyrus Pyramid Sphinx Obelisk Mummification MUMMIFICATION-TAKING THE ORGANS OUT TO PRESERVE THE BODY • Ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife - in order to have an afterlife, the dead person would have to repossess his or her body • Mainly done to wealthy people-poorer people could not afford the process. • Pharaohs were buried with their guards and tons of treasure. • Pull brain out of nose using a hook • Make a cut on the left side of the body near the tummy • Remove all internal organs • Let the internal organs dry • Place the lungs, intestines, stomach and liver inside canopic jars • Place the heart back inside the body • Rinse inside of body with wine and spices • Cover the corpse with natron (salt) for 70 days • After 40 days stuff the body with linen or sand to give it a more human shape • After the 70 days wrap the body from head to toe in bandages • Place in coffin PAPYRUS • The papyrus plant is a reed that grows in marshy areas around the Nile river. • In ancient Egypt, the wild plant was used for a variety of uses • some grown on plantations-used to make writing material. • Cut into long strips and pressed together INDUS RIVER VALLEY 2500 BCE Subcontinent: a large landmass smaller than a continent INDUS RIVER- QUICK FACTS • One of the longest in the world • “Harappan” civilization • People settled and built two large cities, Harappa & Mohenjo-daro • Floods in July, August, & September (ice melts from the Himalayas) Monsoon Season= heavy rain • Farmers grow wheat, barley, field peas, and herb sesame (land along river = fertile) • Mouth of the river flows into a Delta • Odd delta, since it contains clay and not fertile soil INDUS RIVER CULTURE • People: • Found: • Farmed • Statues, meant they had religious beliefs • Stored grain • Used metal • Pottery • Wove cotton • Traded/sold goods • Made toys and beads for jewelry • 2500 BCE = thriving • 1700 BCE= vanished (maybe natural disaster??) INDUS RIVER VALLEY • Townspeople = artisans; skilled craftspeople. • Known for stone sculptures of animals and humans. • No big difference in wealth of the people • Priests ruled the society- polytheistic = worshiped many god & goddesses INDIAN INVENTIONS • Uniform system of weights and measures • Helped economy since accurate measurement is vital to trading & selling. • Engineered docks on river • Studied tides, waves, & currents INDIAN INVENTIONS • Hindu-Arabic numerals • Concept of zero • Inoculation • Metallurgy • Indoor plumbing • Medicine • Math INDIAN WRITING • Had writing- not as complicated as Sumer/Egypt • Mainly had symbols to show economic transactions • (how many animals are sold/traded, or who owed a service) INDUS –GUPTA DYNASTY • After much fighting, the Guptas took control of India. • Lasted 200 years- until Huns took over • Developments: • Astronomy • Developed our number system [nine digits, zero, decimal] • Literature, poetry, the arts, etc…flourished! • Higher education (like college…but only men) • Economy grew HUANG HE- “YELLOW RIVER” HUANG HE RIVER VALLEY QUICK FACTS • Located in China • Begins in the East, twists West • “Yellow River” b/c water looks yellow from silt • River is unpredictable, floods have destroyed entire villages = “River of Sorrow” • Grew grain, fruits, & vegetables • Herded animals in treeless, dry areas • Important transportation for China’s history • Large enough for ships of different sizes to sail HUANG HE- 2000 BCE • People started growing crops and raising animals…led to VILLAGES! • 1st villages were along the Huang He. Small houses w/reed roofs HUANG HE• Pottery • Coined money • Silk • Books • Wagons w/ wheels • Porcelain • Writing • Cast iron • Gunpowder INVENTIONS HUANG HE- WRITING • Writing was similar to Sumerians & Egyptians • Had pictures and symbols that stood for ideas HUANG HE- RELIGION • Chinese were superstitious • Carved symbols into bones and tortoise shells • When heated, the Chinese claimed they could read omens and fortunes from the cracks that were formed HUANG HE- SOCIAL ORDER • Chinese ruled by kings • Had an army • Used slaves • People were divided into classes (rich & poor) Dynastic Cycle New Dynasty •Brings peace Problems • Floods •Land to peasants • Quakes •Protects people • Revolts • Invaders •Builds roads Old Dynasty •Too many taxes •No protection •Unfair treatment •No building