Download 6-1 Notes 2015

UNIT 1
Early Humans
6-1.1
Early Humans/Nomads
BELL RINGER
• Write about it:
• What type of job requires someone
to move from place to place? What
do they need to take with them? How
will they get there?
HUNTER-GATHERER
COMMUNITIES
• The first humans
were nomads who
continually
traveled in search
for food.
• Nomad – person
who travels from
place to place
Ugh…Me so
Hungry!
HUNTER-GATHERER
COMMUNITIES
• As these hunter-gatherer communities
developed better ways of doing things,
they began to develop into the world’s
earliest civilizations.
• Hunter-gatherer community – community
in which the men hunted animals for food,
clothing, and shelter, and the women
gathered fruit and berries for food, dyes,
and paint.
NOMADS
• The animals they killed provided meat for food, bones for
tools, and hides for clothing.
• They set up seasonal camps in caves or rock shelters wherever
the animals were plentiful.
• Bands migrated when food (plants or
animals) became scarce in one
location.
We’re outta
here!
Yaba-daba-doo!
SPREADING THROUGH THE
WORLD
READ…
• Textbook p. 12
• Using artifacts, researchers have discovered
that early peoples lived in parts of East Africa
nearly 3.5 million years ago.
• Humans moved from East Africa to Europe and
Asia thousands of years ago.
THE FIRST AMERICANS
• Read Textbook p. 14
• Eleven thousand years ago, during the Ice
Age, the sea was lower than it is today.
• Beringia – a strip of land connecting Asia
to North America
THE FIRST AMERICANS
• People were able to migrate across the land
bridge to North America to follow the animals
they hunted for food.
• Migrate – move from place to place
• Land bridge – a narrow strip of land that allowed
animals and people to move from one place to
another.
ICE AGE
About 35,000 years ago
Ice sheets covered about 1/3 of the earth
Result…ocean level lower & land bridges made
migration to various parts of world
possible
MAP
• Trace and color
this map from your
textbook on p. 15.
Include the map
key. Make yours
look as much like
the book as
possible.
• THIS NEEDS TO
STAY IN YOUR
NOTES!!
BELL RINGER (25 MINUTES)
• Get out your map from yesterday.
Continue working. REMEMBER…make
your map look as close to the map in
the book as possible! (MAKE IT
GOOD…YOU HAVE TIME!!)
• The map can be found on page 15
in your textbook!
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Hunter-gatherers had to adapt to
the natural environment in order to
survive.
• Adapt – to adjust oneself to new
conditions or environment
• How would your life change if you
lived in arctic tundra or the desert?
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Examples:
• as animals migrated, so did people
(food)
• simple tools were created to
construct shelter, hunt, and make
clothes
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
• Technology – the way in which
humans produce the items they use
• Examples:
• Stone tools
• Using art to express ideas
OLD STONE AGE
• Old Stone Age – a time from
about 3.5 million years ago to
about 10,000 years ago where
little progress was made
• Discoveries:
• Fire
• Stone tools (rough surfaces and
uneven cutting edges)
Cave Paintings are Artifacts too.
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL
ASPECTS
• Distinct roles of men and women within
hunter-gatherer society
• Men hunted for food, clothing, and shelter
• Women gathered for food, dyes, and paint
1.How did early people
get the food they
needed to survive?
2. Why did early people
work together?
3. Besides food, for
what purposes
might early people
have worked
together?
BELL RINGER
• Get out a piece of paper and
something to write with.
• PUT EVERYTHING ELSE AWAY!!!
• Write your name (first and last),
date, and the class period at the
top of the paper.
• Number your paper from 1 to 12.
Directions: Identify the Continents and
Oceans. Do your best with spelling.
10
2
11
9
3
4
7
1
8
12
6
Finished? Turn it in to my DESK to be graded.
5
BELL RINGER
•Write about it:
• How do you think
archaeologists know WHEN and
WHERE hunter-gatherer groups
lived and WHAT took place
there?
K
KWL CHART
W
L
6-1.2
Early Humans/Settlement
BELL RINGER
• Explain the characteristics of huntergatherer groups and their relationship to
the natural environment. Use domain
specific vocabulary in your answer.
• Write at least ONE PARAGRAPH and
make sure you have answered the
question completely. YOU MAY USE YOUR
NOTES!
STEPS TOWARD CIVILIZATION
• Read p. 18-19 in your textbook
• Eventually, humans became tired of moving around
all the time. They wanted a more sedentary way of
life.
• Sedentary – living permanently in one place
• An agricultural lifestyle offered this way of living for
the humans.
STEPS TOWARD CIVILIZATION
• Communities began to focus their resources on domestication
and irrigation.
• Domestication – the taming of wild plants and animals
by humans
• Examples – herding llamas or goats, having a pet
dog
• Read p. 21 in your textbook
• Irrigation – the process of supplying water to crops
• Before irrigation, farmers had to wait for rain to
water crops. Irrigation systems let farmers control
the amount of water and where the water came
from.
• Agriculture - farming
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM
Advantages
Disadvantages
• People no longer had to
move around for food.
• People were able to grow
and store their food,
creating a surplus.
• Communities became
• Permanent housing was
dependent on a small
built.
variety of plants.
• People could build more
• If the weather wasn’t right,
complicated tools since
or they didn’t irrigate
they didn’t have to move
properly, there could be no
them.
food!
• People accumulated wealth
and property.
• Led to specialization of
skills.
SPECIALIZATION
• Read p. 22
• Specialization – a division of work
where different jobs were created
• Examples: toolmaker, farmers, butcher,
clothing maker
IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES
• A nearby river was often a source of
water.
• Canals could be dug to connect waterways.
• Dams could be built to allow water to
collect in reservoirs.
HARVESTING AND SURPLUS
• People who led an agricultural lifestyle collected
their food during harvest time, rather than gathering
it all year long as the hunter-gatherers did.
• Sometimes, a community had a surplus of one type
of crop.
• Surplus – an amount greater than what people
need and can use
SURPLUS
• When there was a surplus crop, people had
to figure out a way to keep the food safe.
• They had to plan for the future and make
sure they had enough food to last until the
next harvest.
• What if there was a drought or a plague?
A NEW TREND
• Agricultural and sedentary communities grew the
population in ways people never thought possible.
• People had to find ways to get rid of food waste,
human waste, and animal waste so that disease did
not spread.
• Large families were desired because more children
meant more workers.
SEQUENCING
• Put the following events in
chronological order.
a) Domesticated crops
b) Social divisions within a community
c) Production of surplus food
d) Domesticated animals
e) Technology improves
SEQUENCING (ANSWER)
1
• Technology improves
2
• Domesticated crops
3
• Domesticated animals
4
• Production of surplus food
5
• Social divisions within a community
GOVERNMENT
• In the beginning, the head of the tribe was usually
the dominant male.
• New technology = food surplus = people need
something to do (specialization) and someone to
organize it = GOVERNMENT
• Villages grew into communities, they began to
trade with each other and therefore, needed
some system of government.
JOURNAL 6-1.2
• Explain the emergence of agriculture and
its effect on early human communities,
including the domestication of plants and
animals, the impact of irrigation
techniques, and subsequent food
surpluses.
• Write at least ONE PARAGRAPH and make
sure you have answered the question
completely. YOU MAY USE YOUR NOTES!
6-1.3
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
• Now that humans are settling
instead of traveling around, they
need constant access to their basic
needs.
• It all comes back to WATER!
• Solution?
• RIVERS!!
FOUR RIVER SYSTEMS
1. Tigris-Euphrates
(Mesopotamia)
2. Nile
(Egypt)
Make up the
Fertile
Crescent
3. Indus
(India)
4. Huang He
(China)
Fertile Crescent – The name
for the Nile Valley and
Mesopotamia together.
Shaped like a crescent.
FOUR RIVER SYSTEMS
WHY LIVE IN A RIVER VALLEY?
1. Food
2. Water
3. Transportation
4. Protection
5. Trade
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER
SYSTEM
• Two rivers make up this system. The rivers run
parallel to each other. At the farthest point, they are
about 150 miles from each other.
• The civilization on this river is called Mesopotamia.
• Mesopotamia – “the land between two
rivers”
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES MAP
Mesopotamia
– “land
between two
rivers”
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
• Early civilizations learned how to use the rivers for
their benefit.
• They created a system of canals in the area between
the two rivers to provide the people with fresh water
and irrigation.
• Dams and gates were used to control the water.
• Canals were also used for transportation and trading.
They were big enough for small boats.
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
• Mesopotamia was divided into city-states.
• City-state – a city that is an individual unit, complete with
its own form of government and traditions
• The main city-states of Mesopotamia were Sumer (Sumerians)
and Akkad (Akkadians).
• The people of both city-states practices similar farming and
business methods and had similar customs.
• People of these city-states had a marketplace to buy and sell
goods.
• Read p. 40-41
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
RELIGION
• Temples were built in Mesopotamia as
earthly homes for the gods.
• Ziggurat – a pyramid-shaped
structure in ancient Sumerian
culture with a temple at the top
• Ziggurats were believed by
Mesopotamians to link the heavens and
Earth. The closer the temple was to the
sky, the closer to their gods they
believed they were.
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
RELIGION
• The size and magnificence of the
temples in Mesopotamia shows the
importance of religion to society.
• Society – an organized community
with established rules and traditions
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
RELIGION
• Sumerians and Akkadians practiced polytheism. They believed
that the gods and goddesses were responsible for the wellbeing of the people and the fertility of the land.
• Polytheism – the worship of MANY
gods
• If the people were prospering, they believed that the gods
were pleased with them.
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
• Sumerians: pg. 49-51
• Judicial system of courts & laws
• Developed the 1st law codes
• Code of Hammurabi- set of laws that
covered different areas of society such as
family, economy, and crime.
• Named after King Hammurabi of
Babylon when he took over Sumer.
Trade, education, and law grew under
his reign.
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES CONT.
• Sumer Inventions pg. 43
• Plow- pulled by oxen
• Bronze tools/weapons
• Potter’s wheel
• Cuneiform writing- oldest in history. Used clay
tablets & a stylus (made from a plant). Had
symbols/script instead of pictures.
NILE RIVER
VALLEY
3100 BCE
NILE RIVER VALLEY
LOCATION/QUICK FACTS
• Contains most of Egypt’s population
• Longest river in the world
• Natural flooding occurs = “the Gift of the Nile”
• Leaves behind silt; a rich soil that fertilizes the crops.
• Grow many grains; wheat and barley
• Built irrigation systems to control the flooding- too much
water washes out the crops
• Nile = up-ward wind helped trade along the Nile
NILE RIVER VALLEY
• Hierarchy (levels of power)
• People paid taxes through
produce (animals & fish) or
crops. Had great surplus of
crops
• Pharaohs = “god kings”
• Pyramids- massive stone
buildings to honor the gods
& animals they worshiped
• Pharaohs burial place
• Sphinx – body of a lion,
human head
NILE RIVER VALLEY
• Writing system
• Hieroglyphics- pictures
and symbols that
represented syllables and
ideas
• Egyptian language is one
of the oldest and bestdocumented ancient
languages
NILE RIVER VALLEY
• Inventions/Pioneers of:
• Engineering
• Decimal System
• Water Irrigation
• Glass Making
• How would you have
built the pyramids?
•
•
•
•
•
Papyrus
Pyramid
Sphinx
Obelisk
Mummification
MUMMIFICATION-TAKING THE
ORGANS OUT TO PRESERVE THE BODY
• Ancient Egyptians
believed in an afterlife - in
order to have an afterlife,
the dead person would
have to repossess his or
her body
• Mainly done to wealthy
people-poorer people
could not afford the
process.
• Pharaohs were buried with
their guards and tons of
treasure.
• Pull brain out of nose using a hook
• Make a cut on the left side of the body
near the tummy
• Remove all internal organs
• Let the internal organs dry
• Place the lungs, intestines, stomach
and liver inside canopic jars
• Place the heart back inside the body
• Rinse inside of body with wine and
spices
• Cover the corpse with natron (salt) for
70 days
• After 40 days stuff the body with linen
or sand to give it a more human shape
• After the 70 days wrap the body from
head to toe in bandages
• Place in coffin
PAPYRUS
• The papyrus plant is a reed that grows in
marshy areas around the Nile river.
• In ancient Egypt, the wild plant was used
for a variety of uses
• some grown on plantations-used to make
writing material.
• Cut into long strips and pressed together
INDUS RIVER VALLEY 2500 BCE
Subcontinent: a
large landmass
smaller than a
continent
INDUS RIVER- QUICK FACTS
• One of the longest in the world
• “Harappan” civilization
• People settled and built two large cities, Harappa & Mohenjo-daro
• Floods in July, August, & September (ice melts from the Himalayas)
Monsoon Season= heavy rain
• Farmers grow wheat, barley, field peas, and herb sesame (land
along river = fertile)
• Mouth of the river flows into a Delta
• Odd delta, since it contains clay and not fertile soil
INDUS RIVER
CULTURE
• People:
• Found:
• Farmed
• Statues, meant they had
religious beliefs
• Stored grain
• Used metal
• Pottery
• Wove cotton
• Traded/sold goods
• Made toys and beads for
jewelry
• 2500 BCE = thriving
• 1700 BCE= vanished (maybe
natural disaster??)
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
• Townspeople = artisans; skilled craftspeople.
• Known for stone sculptures of animals and humans.
• No big difference in wealth of the people
• Priests ruled the society- polytheistic = worshiped many god &
goddesses
INDIAN INVENTIONS
• Uniform system of weights and measures
• Helped economy since accurate measurement is
vital to trading & selling.
• Engineered docks on river
• Studied tides, waves, & currents
INDIAN INVENTIONS
• Hindu-Arabic numerals
• Concept of zero
• Inoculation
• Metallurgy
• Indoor plumbing
• Medicine
• Math
INDIAN WRITING
• Had writing- not as complicated as Sumer/Egypt
• Mainly had symbols to show economic transactions
• (how many animals are sold/traded, or who owed
a service)
INDUS –GUPTA DYNASTY
• After much fighting, the Guptas took control of India.
• Lasted 200 years- until Huns took over
• Developments:
• Astronomy
• Developed our number system [nine digits, zero, decimal]
• Literature, poetry, the arts, etc…flourished!
• Higher education (like college…but only men)
• Economy grew
HUANG HE- “YELLOW RIVER”
HUANG HE RIVER VALLEY
QUICK FACTS
• Located in China
• Begins in the East, twists West
• “Yellow River” b/c water looks yellow from silt
• River is unpredictable, floods have destroyed entire villages = “River
of Sorrow”
• Grew grain, fruits, & vegetables
• Herded animals in treeless, dry areas
• Important transportation for China’s history
• Large enough for ships of different sizes to sail
HUANG HE- 2000 BCE
• People started growing crops and
raising animals…led to VILLAGES!
• 1st villages were along the Huang He.
Small houses w/reed roofs
HUANG HE• Pottery
• Coined money
• Silk
• Books
• Wagons w/
wheels
• Porcelain
• Writing
• Cast iron
• Gunpowder
INVENTIONS
HUANG HE- WRITING
• Writing was similar to Sumerians &
Egyptians
• Had pictures and symbols that stood
for ideas
HUANG HE- RELIGION
• Chinese were superstitious
• Carved symbols into bones and tortoise shells
• When heated, the Chinese claimed they could read omens and
fortunes from the cracks that were formed
HUANG HE- SOCIAL ORDER
• Chinese ruled by kings
• Had an army
• Used slaves
• People were divided into classes (rich & poor)
Dynastic Cycle
New Dynasty
•Brings peace
Problems
•
Floods
•Land to peasants
•
Quakes
•Protects people
•
Revolts
•
Invaders
•Builds roads
Old Dynasty
•Too many taxes
•No protection
•Unfair treatment
•No building