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Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Islamic Empires I. The Spread of Islam A. Muhammad died in 632 A.D. without providing instructions on how to chose his successor. B. Caliph-new leader-chosen by Muslim leaders of the community. C. First four caliphs were connected to Muhammad. D. Some still unsure who to follow. II. Expansion Under Umayyad Rule (661-750) A. After the assassination of Ali, the fourth caliph, the Umayyad Ruler Muawiya became the fifth caliph in 661. B. Muawiya moved the capital of the empire from Muhammad’s home in Mecca to a more central city of Damascus, Syria. C. Muawiya began the tradition of appointing a son as the next caliph. Muawiya founded a tradition of a continuous rule by one family. D. The Umayyad ruled for 90 years. III. Westward Expansion A. The Umayyad were talented military leaders and expanded their empire into Africa. B. There, they converted the Berbers (a tribe from North Africa) and with their help conquered much of modern day Spain and Portugal. C. From Spain, they began to conquer France and hoped to take all of Europe. IV. The Battle of Tours A. In 732, the Muslims confronted Charles Martel, who was called “the Hammer” because of his repeated attacks against the Muslims. B. Martel’s troops stopped the Muslim invasion. C. The battle was the most decisive battle in history. Do you know why the Battle of Tours was so important?? The Battle determined whether Europe would be Christian or Muslim! The Battle of Tours Write the following down on your notes. 1.What is happening in this picture. 2.Describe the scene; horses, clothing, weapons, and landscape. Charles Martel On your notes, answer the following question: How does this picture portray Charles Martel? (V) Treatment of Conquered People 1. Non-Muslims- forced to convert. a. if you didn’t-higher taxes 2. Establishment of the unequal taxation of conquered people. 3. This tax sustained the empire. VI. Unified Empire A Common Language 1. Arabic the official language 2. This enabled the Umayyad to bring the diverse cultures together. 3. Official government business and religious affairs were in Arabic. VII. A Common Coinage 1. The coins used throughout the empire were the same. 2. Islamic coins with sayings from the Koran. 3. Made commerce easier. VIII. Religious Architecture 1. Conquer-build 2. Mosques could be found anywhere. 3. Made from materials of the area. 4. Always had the same features: minaret, mihrab, and a fountain. Mosques of the Islam Empire The Great Mosque of Mali, Africa Brunei, Indonesia Malaysian Mosque Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey (IX) The Downfall of the Umayyad • Loss of taxes from converted nonMuslims • Acquired a reputation for being more worldly and less religious. • DEADLY DINNER: 80 Umayyad leaders betrayed and poisoned: one escapes. • The Empire Splits in Two (X) Abbasids • Claimed descent from Mohammed’s uncle • alliance with Shiites and other dissident groups • Only Spain will remain Umayyad by 800 A.D. XI. The Seljuk Turks • Seljuk Turks were nomads from central Asia. • Were used as soldiers in the Abbasid army. • Took control and overtook Baghdad in 1055-let the Abbasid caliph remain religious leader. • Turk ruler-called a sultan • Turks and Abbasids ruled together for 200 years. • The Mongols invaded and took Baghdad in 1258. XII. Later Muslim Empires After the fall of the first Arab empire other empires rose throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. The two most known is the Ottomans and the Moguls. The Ottomans Question # 3 Who do you think the Ottomans were? A. The Ottomans • Turk ruler named Osman ruled the Ottoman Turks. • Attacked Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul. • Expanded under Suleiman I (the Magnificent). • Empire ended after World War I-1923 E. The Janissary Corps 1. Elite infantry of soldiers 2. Backbone of the military F. The Palace School 1. Educated for 15 years. 2. Trained to be administrators. 3. Studied languages and the Koran G. Non-Muslims in the Empire 1. Treated fairly and not forced to convert 2. Paid special tax and organized into self-ruling groups known as millets. 3. Peaceful rule Janissary soldiers Palace School • Suleiman the Magnificent Imperial Loo IV. Decline A. After Suleiman died, lost territory. B. Financial hardship: lost revenues from conquered lands. C. Trade routes through the Ottoman empire obsolete. D. Political system: 1. Janissaries disrupt govt and sultans loose control. 2. No strong central government. E. Over 350 years it began declining. In1923 became independent (Turkey). The Mughal Empire Question #1 • What do you think the Mughal Empire is? (Even if you don’t know.. GUESS! Geography of India • The Plains of India were fertile with the Himalayas to the north. • The land was very attractive to invaders because of its lush and rich farmland. Founders of the Empire 1. In 1527 and Muslim Turk named Babur invaded India. He founded the great Mughal empire. 2. He had dreamed of reestablishing a great empire of the Mongol tradition. His empire was named Mughalfrom the Persian-Indian word for Mongol. 3. Babur was a wise, welleducated and a kind leader. 4. He was an easy leader to follow. Akbar the Ruler 1. Akbar was Babur’s grandson who reigned for 49 years. 2. Began rule at 13. 3. Expanded the territory to Afghanistan. 4. Integrated Hindus into his empire. 5. Divided the empire into provinces. 6. Created a “fixed” salary. Jobs were open to all qualified ones. 7. Reclassified the tax laws. 8. Treated all those of different religions equally. 9. Became a patron of art. 10. Invited many artist and musicians to his home. Inheritors of the Empire • The Mughal Empire continued to grow strong because his heirs followed his policies. • In 1605, Jahangir inherited the throne. • Jahangir cared less about policies and more about spending money. • Fortunately his government was stable enough to handle his aloofness. Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan was the • Shah Jahan is most son of Jahangir. know for building the Taj Mahal. • He ruled from 16281658. • He spent too much money on projects, • Spend a large draining the amount of money on treasury. construction in Delhi, which he made the capital in 1648. Weakened Empire • Under Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb, (16581707), the empire weakend from war. • Was not as un-bias as his father- reinstated taxes on non-muslims. • Prohibited building Hindu temples and tried to force Hindu’s to convert to Islam. • He spent the last 25 years of his reign fighting the Hindu rebellion of the Marathas. The End of the Mughal Empire • Aurangzeb was the last Mughal ruler of the empire. • After his death in 1707, all successors lost land and money. • They still ruled a small kingdom in Delhi, but there was no empire. • Foreign Invaders: As the stories of the Mughal splendor and weakness spread, Europeans began to invade. In 1818, Great Britain took control. The last Mughal ruler gave up his rule in 1858. B. The Moguls/Mughal • 1500- Muslim empire in India. • Greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar who ruled peacefully. • Allowed religious freedom-both Hindus and Muslims worked in the govt together. • Empire declined-later ruler will spend too much money and try to convert Hindus. • Mogul empire finally collapses and is taken over by the British.