Download Chapter 2 Lesson 2

Chapter 2 Lesson 2
Islamic Empires
I. The Spread of Islam
A. Muhammad died in 632 A.D. without
providing instructions on how to chose his
successor.
B. Caliph-new leader-chosen by Muslim
leaders of the community.
C. First four caliphs were connected to
Muhammad.
D. Some still unsure who to follow.
II. Expansion Under Umayyad
Rule (661-750)
A. After the assassination of Ali, the fourth caliph, the
Umayyad Ruler Muawiya became the fifth caliph in
661.
B. Muawiya moved the capital of the empire from
Muhammad’s home in Mecca to a more central
city of Damascus, Syria.
C. Muawiya began the tradition of appointing a son
as the next caliph. Muawiya founded a tradition of
a continuous rule by one family.
D. The Umayyad ruled for 90 years.
III. Westward Expansion
A. The Umayyad were talented military
leaders and expanded their empire into
Africa.
B. There, they converted the Berbers (a
tribe from North Africa) and with their
help conquered much of modern day
Spain and Portugal.
C. From Spain, they began to conquer
France and hoped to take all of Europe.
IV. The Battle of Tours
A. In 732, the Muslims confronted Charles Martel,
who was called “the Hammer” because of his
repeated attacks against the Muslims.
B. Martel’s troops stopped the Muslim invasion.
C. The battle was the most decisive battle in
history.
Do you know why the Battle of Tours was so
important??
The Battle determined whether
Europe would be Christian or
Muslim!
The Battle of Tours
Write the following down on your notes.
1.What is happening in this picture.
2.Describe the scene; horses, clothing,
weapons, and landscape.
Charles Martel
On your notes, answer the following question:
How does this picture portray Charles Martel?
(V) Treatment of Conquered
People
1. Non-Muslims- forced
to convert.
a. if you didn’t-higher
taxes
2. Establishment of the
unequal taxation of
conquered people.
3. This tax sustained
the empire.
VI. Unified Empire
A Common Language
1. Arabic the official language
2. This enabled the Umayyad to bring
the diverse cultures together.
3. Official government business and
religious affairs were in Arabic.
VII. A Common Coinage
1. The coins used
throughout the
empire were the
same.
2. Islamic coins with
sayings from the
Koran.
3. Made commerce
easier.
VIII. Religious Architecture
1. Conquer-build
2. Mosques could be
found anywhere.
3. Made from materials
of the area.
4. Always had the
same features:
minaret, mihrab, and
a fountain.
Mosques of the Islam Empire
The Great Mosque of Mali, Africa
Brunei, Indonesia
Malaysian Mosque
Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
(IX) The Downfall of the Umayyad
• Loss of taxes from converted nonMuslims
• Acquired a reputation for being more
worldly and less religious.
• DEADLY DINNER: 80 Umayyad
leaders betrayed and poisoned: one
escapes.
• The Empire Splits in Two
(X) Abbasids
• Claimed descent from Mohammed’s uncle
• alliance with Shiites and other dissident
groups
• Only Spain will remain Umayyad by 800
A.D.
XI. The Seljuk Turks
• Seljuk Turks were nomads from central Asia.
• Were used as soldiers in the Abbasid army.
• Took control and overtook Baghdad in 1055-let
the Abbasid caliph remain religious leader.
• Turk ruler-called a sultan
• Turks and Abbasids ruled together for 200
years.
• The Mongols invaded and took Baghdad in
1258.
XII. Later Muslim Empires
After the fall of the first Arab empire other
empires rose throughout Asia, Africa, and
Europe.
The two most known is the Ottomans and
the Moguls.
The Ottomans
Question # 3
Who do you think the Ottomans were?
A. The Ottomans
• Turk ruler named Osman ruled the
Ottoman Turks.
• Attacked Constantinople in 1453 and
renamed it Istanbul.
• Expanded under Suleiman I (the
Magnificent).
• Empire ended after World War I-1923
E. The Janissary Corps
1. Elite infantry of soldiers
2. Backbone of the military
F. The Palace School
1. Educated for 15 years.
2. Trained to be administrators.
3. Studied languages and the Koran
G. Non-Muslims in the Empire
1. Treated fairly and not forced to convert
2. Paid special tax and organized into self-ruling
groups known as millets.
3. Peaceful rule
Janissary soldiers
Palace School
• Suleiman the Magnificent
Imperial Loo
IV. Decline
A. After Suleiman died, lost territory.
B. Financial hardship: lost revenues from conquered
lands.
C. Trade routes through the Ottoman empire obsolete.
D. Political system:
1. Janissaries disrupt govt and sultans loose
control.
2. No strong central government.
E. Over 350 years it began declining. In1923 became
independent (Turkey).
The Mughal Empire
Question #1
• What do you
think the
Mughal Empire
is? (Even if you
don’t know..
GUESS!
Geography of India
• The Plains of India
were fertile with the
Himalayas to the
north.
• The land was very
attractive to
invaders because of
its lush and rich
farmland.
Founders of the Empire
1. In 1527 and Muslim
Turk named Babur
invaded India. He
founded the great
Mughal empire.
2. He had dreamed of
reestablishing a great
empire of the Mongol
tradition. His empire
was named Mughalfrom the Persian-Indian
word for Mongol.
3. Babur was a wise, welleducated and a kind
leader.
4. He was an easy leader
to follow.
Akbar the Ruler
1. Akbar was Babur’s
grandson who reigned
for 49 years.
2. Began rule at 13.
3. Expanded the territory
to Afghanistan.
4. Integrated Hindus into
his empire.
5. Divided the empire
into provinces.
6. Created a “fixed”
salary. Jobs were open
to all qualified ones.
7. Reclassified the tax
laws.
8. Treated all those of
different religions
equally.
9. Became a patron of art.
10. Invited many artist and
musicians to his home.
Inheritors of the Empire
• The Mughal Empire
continued to grow
strong because his
heirs followed his
policies.
• In 1605, Jahangir
inherited the throne.
• Jahangir cared less
about policies and
more about
spending money.
• Fortunately his
government was
stable enough to
handle his
aloofness.
Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan was the • Shah Jahan is most
son of Jahangir.
know for building
the Taj Mahal.
• He ruled from 16281658.
• He spent too much
money on projects,
• Spend a large
draining the
amount of money on
treasury.
construction in
Delhi, which he
made the capital in
1648.
Weakened Empire
• Under Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb, (16581707), the empire weakend from war.
• Was not as un-bias as his father- reinstated
taxes on non-muslims.
• Prohibited building Hindu temples and tried to
force Hindu’s to convert to Islam.
• He spent the last 25 years of his reign fighting
the Hindu rebellion of the Marathas.
The End of the Mughal Empire
• Aurangzeb was the last
Mughal ruler of the
empire.
• After his death in 1707,
all successors lost land
and money.
• They still ruled a small
kingdom in Delhi, but
there was no empire.
• Foreign Invaders:
As the stories of the
Mughal splendor and
weakness spread,
Europeans began to
invade.
In 1818, Great Britain took
control.
The last Mughal ruler gave
up his rule in 1858.
B. The Moguls/Mughal
• 1500- Muslim empire in India.
• Greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar who ruled
peacefully.
• Allowed religious freedom-both Hindus
and Muslims worked in the govt together.
• Empire declined-later ruler will spend too
much money and try to convert Hindus.
• Mogul empire finally collapses and is
taken over by the British.