Download Lincoln`s Plan - River Mill Academy

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What issues does the U.S need to address
following the South’s surrender? What will
be the most difficult challenge?
April 14, 1865
•Lincoln was assassinated on Good Friday in
Fords Theater by John Wilkes Booth 5 days after
Lee surrenders.
•Viewing “An American Cousin”
•1st assassinated Pres.
Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson survives planned
attack and becomes Pres.
-Born in NC
Lincoln and JFK
Where does the U.S. go from here?
Political Turmoil
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Andrew Johnson becomes President in April, 1865 when
Lincoln is assassinated
◦ Only senator from a Confederate state to remain loyal to
Union
◦ Lincoln chose Johnson as VP to help w/ reunite Nation
after war
Lincoln had devised a plan for “Reconstruction” of the US
after the war
Some Republicans were angry with Lincoln’s plan
◦ These become known as Radical Republicans
◦ wanted to punish the south & give full rights to African
Americans
◦ Thaddeus Stevens is leader
Johnson takes office with Republicans thinking he would
submit to their ideas for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
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Known as 10% Plan
◦ Wanted to be lenient on the South
◦ Included pardon of most Confederates (excluded high
ranking officials) if they would swear loyalty to Union
◦ After 10% of those on the 1860 voting list swore loyalty, a
state could form a new gov’t and gain representation in
Congress
◦ States must ratify 13th Amendment (freed ALL slaves)
◦ Lincoln also set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to help freed
slaves & poor whites
◦ 4 states return under Lincoln’s plan: Ark, Tenn, Virg, Louis.
Radical Republicans didn’t like Lincoln’s plan
◦ RR argue that it’s too weak; also thought Congress should
determine Reconstruction
◦ They pass the Wade-Davis Bill, saying a majority (not
10% would have to swear loyalty)
◦ Lincoln vetoed the bill
Johnson’s Plan
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Known as Presidential Reconstruction
◦ Very similar to Lincoln’s plan
◦ Remaining Southern states would have to withdraw secession,
swear loyalty to union, annul war debts, ratify 13th Amendment
◦ Didn’t want high ranking Confederates & wealthy to be allowed
to regain rights
◦ Plan didn’t address needs of former slaves
◦ South will enact Black Codes to keep former slaves from
gaining rights/power
Southern states quickly comply & elect congressmen
When Congress started in Dec.1865, Radical Republicans refuse to
admit new Southern Reps.
◦ Thought Johnson’s plan wasn’t enough
◦ Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau in 1866
◦ Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gives citizenship to
blacks
Johnson’s Response & Congressional Plan
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Johnson vetoed both Freedmen’s Bureau Act & Civil Rights
Act
Republicans banded together to override Johnson’s veto
Congress also adds 14th Amendment to give Constitutional
basis for Civil Rights Act
◦ Amendment guarantees “equal protection under the law”
◦ Johnson advises South to reject amendment
◦ All southern states but Tennessee reject it
In 1867 Congress passes Reconstruction Act of 1867
◦ Didn’t recognize state gov’ts under Lincoln or Johnson’s
plan
◦ Southern states divided into 5 military districts
◦ To re-enter union, states had to accept 14th Amend & allow
black males the right to vote
Johnson vetoes; Congress overrides the veto
RECONSTRUCTION ACT – MILITARY DISTRICTS
Impeachment
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President Johnson was impeached for violating the Tenure
of Office Act
◦ Congress had passed TOA to protect Sec. of War Edwin
Stanton
◦ Johnson fired Stanton to protest TOA; Congress
impeaches Johnson on 11 counts
Trial took place in the Senate between Mar-May, 1868
Senate needed 2/3 majority to remove Johnson
Final vote was 35 to 19 (1 short of 2/3 majority needed)
Johnson finished his term with no legitimate power
After the election, Congress passed the 15th Amendment
which gave African Americans males the right to vote
Southern Society
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New Southern Politics
◦ Dominated by 3 groups
◦ Scalawags – Southerners who sided w/ Northern
Republicans
◦ Carpetbaggers – Northerners who came south for profit
◦ “Black Republicans” – newly freed African Americans who
got involved in politics (usually on the local or state
levels)
◦ Hiram Revels – 1st African American congressman
Economy
◦ Much of the land had been damaged or neglected during
the war
◦ Also, plantation system collapsed once slaves were freed
◦ Most farmers (both former slaves & poor whites) resorted
to sharecropping or tenant farming
◦ Cotton was also no longer profitable; farmers turn to a
variety of crops
Freed Slaves
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Former slaves were exposed to many new opportunities
after the war (politics, education, land ownership, etc.)
Many moved away from plantations into cities
Family reunification was common, due to many families
being split during slavery
Many former slaves learned to read and write
◦ Even a few colleges begin for blacks (Hampton Institute
& Howard University)
African Americans fought black codes early during
Reconstruction & still faced persecution later on
◦ The Ku Klux Klan began to terrorize blacks
Most African Americans continued farming as sharecroppers
or tenant farmers
End to Reconstruction
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Ulysses S. Grant won election in 1868 & again in 1872
◦ He served 2 terms with little accomplishment/lots of scandal
Election of 1876 was closely contested between Rutherford B.
Hayes (R) & Samuel Tilden (D)
Tilden won the popular vote, but was 1 electoral vote short of a
majority (20 electoral votes disputed)
◦ Election was given to Hayes, but the House of Reps had to
approve
◦ Dems would approve IF military reconstruction was ended &
a Southerner was appointed to the cabinet
◦ Compromise of 1877
The South finally achieved “home rule” – no federal
interference in state affairs
Railroads Open up the West
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Transcontinental RR-the 1869 Celebration-Prom Pt Utah system
really completed in 1880s
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1860 30,000m of track, by 1900 over 193,000
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Nations primary mode of transportation, raw good to distant
markets
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Nations largest business & created new forms of corporate
organization
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$ came from fed, state, & local govts helped by private parties
RR tycoons=modern corporation
◦ Company could sell stocks to public
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Invention of Steel=Andrew Carnegie (Pittsb- urgh)
John D. Rockefeller=Standard Oil
Key to “New South”
Tobacco Road
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◦ 1870’s improvements in technology allow tobacco to
become very profitable.
Washington Duke produced pre-rolled cigarettes=makes
cigarettes popular.
◦ Bull Durham tobacco controls market by 1900.
◦ Invented Baseball Cards to Advertise products