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Leptospirosis in cats FACT SHEET Whatisleptospirosis? n Leptospiraspp.aremobilebacteriathatcaninfectmany mammalianspecies,includinghumans.Leptospirosisisconsidereda zoonoticdisease(Weil’sdiseaseinhumans). n Subclinicallyinfectedwildanddomesticanimalsarereservoir hostsandapotentialsourceofinfection. n Catsseemtodevelopclinicalsignsonlyrarely,buttheycanbe InfectioninfectedwithLeptospiraspp.andshedleptospiresintheirurine,andthus § Thereareover250pathogenicserovars,adaptedtodifferentwildor serveasasourceofinfection. domesticanimalreservoirhosts. n § Leptospiresarefoundintheenvironment,particularlyincontaminated water,wheretheycanremaininfectiousforseveralmonths. § Incats,infectionwithdifferentserovarshasbeenidentified (e.g.L.icterohaemorrhagiae,canicola,grippotyphosa,pomona,hardjo, autumnalis,andballum). § Transmissionofleptospiresoccursbydirectorindirectcontact. - Catsmostlybecomeinfectedthroughfeedingonnaturalreservoir hosts,suchaswhenhuntingrodents.Catscanalsobeexposedtourine ofcohabitatingdogs. - Transmissionthroughwatercontactislesslikelyincats. § Afterpenetrationofmucousmembranesorskin,leptospiresmultiply rapidlyuponenteringthebloodvascularspace.Theycaninvademany organs,especiallythekidney,inwhichleptospirescanpersistandcause sheddingformonthstoyears. Diagnosis § Fordirectidentificationofleptospires,PCRiscommonlyperformed. - PCRcandetectleptospiralDNAinurine,blood,ortissuesamples andconfirmstheinfection(ifresultsarepositive). - NegativePCRresultsdonotruleoutinfectionduetointermittent shedding.Ifthecathasreceivedantibiotics,PCRbecomes negativewithinhours. § Oftheantibodytests,MATisthetestofchoice. - However,correctassessmentofMATresultsisdifficultdueto inter-laboratoryvariationanddifferencesinhost-specific immunity.Cross-reactivitymakesidentificationoftheinfecting serovarimpossible. - Asnofelinevaccinesareavailable,MATresultsaremore meaningfulincatsthanindogs. n AdefinitivediagnosisofinfectionisbasedonraisingMATtitres (4-foldincrease/2titresteps)with7-14daysapart. Diseasemanagement n Inhealthycatsthatshedleptospires,treatmentwithdoxycycline(5 mg/kgq12hPOfor3weeks)shouldbeinitiatedtoeliminatethe carrierstate. n Asindogs,treatmentofillcatsconsistsofantibioticsandsupportive therapy,dependingontheseverityofclinicalsigns. Clinicalsigns n Experimentalinfectionofcatsresultsinleptospiraemiaand Prevention leptospiruria,butonlymildclinicalsignsresultdespitehistologicevidence § Novaccineisavailableforcats. ofrenalandhepaticinflammation. § Theonlywaytopreventcatsfromgettinginfectedistoavoidthem n Clinicalsignsinnaturallyinfectedcatsseemtoberare,but feedingonpotentiallyinfectedrodentsandpossiblycontactwith pathogenesisoffelineleptospirosisisnotyetwellunderstood. stagnantwater. n However,recentstudieshavedemonstratedapotentialassociation § Catsthatarekeptindoorsonlyhaveaverylowriskofbeinginfected. betweenfelinechronickidneydiseaseandLeptospiraspp.infection,but theimportanceofLeptospiraspp.aspathogensincatshastobefurther investigated. n If you found this ABCD information valuable, please tell a colleague. To download the ABCD fact sheets, or the full disease guidelines, please visit our website: www.abcdcatsvets.org The ABCD is an independent panel of experts in feline health supported by Merial. May 2016. FACT SHEET Immunohistologystainingofleptospiresinthekidneysof aninfectedhamster.Leptospiresstainedwithspecific antiserum(arrow)areseenliningtheproximalrenal tubules(courtesyofBenAdler,AustralianResearchCouncil CentreofExcellenceinStructuralandFunctionalMicrobial Genomics,MonashUniversity,Clayton,Australia). Darkfieldphotomicrograph(a)andshadowedelectron micrograph(b)ofLeptospiraspp.(courtesyofBenAdler, AustralianResearchCouncilCentreofExcellenceinStructuraland FunctionalMicrobialGenomics,MonashUniversity,Clayton, Australia).