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Download Cancer Powerpoint - Helena High School
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What Is Cancer? Cancer is not just one disease, but many diseases – over 200 different types of cancers 584,000 deaths in 2014 ESTIMATED DEATHS - MALE ESTIMATED DEATHS Cell DIVISION TIMELINE Normal body cells grow, divide and die in an orderly fashion All Cells have a varying life span Quick Dividing Cells: Skin, digestive system cells Slow dividing cells – liver pancreas Muscle Cells, Heart Cells, Brain Cells Rarely divide Cells divide at different rates Cell Division Frequency of Cell Division Cell Type Approximate Life Span Skin Cells 2 weeks 12 to 24 hours Red Blood Cells 4 months Derived from stem cells in red bone marrow (erythropoietin) – triggered by low oxygen to make more Intestines 4 to 5 days 12 to 24 hours Liver Cells 300 to 500 days Once a year Muscle cells in intestines 16 to 18 years Rarely Brain/Nerve Many Rarely Embryo Every 20 minutes CELL CYLCE –What could go wrong w/ steps Cell Division Checkpoints Cancer Definition Uncontrolled Cell Growth Failure of cell cycle control Points Failure to Repair DNA Failure of Cell Division Check Points If DNA Cannot Repair Itself or if Cell Check Points Fail Autolysis or apoptosis is the last resort to prevent a cell from getting out of control Cancer – if DNA damage interferes with cell death or encourages out-ofcontrol cell division Examples of Carcinogens Chemicals – radon gas, cigarettes, formaldehyde, asbestos, mustard gas, benzene (CDC lists approximately 1,000 potential carcinogens Radiation – UV rays for the sun, sunlamps, X-rays, Viruses – Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- causes cervical, vaginal, penile, and certain head and neck cancers, Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis) linked to lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes), Hepatitis B and C (liver cancer) •DNA controls all cell activities including cell division •Some cells lose their ability to control their rate of cell division – the DNA of these cells has become damaged or changed (mutated) •These super-dividing cells form masses called tumors •Cyclins – Proteins that initiate cell division •Oncogenes – genes with potential to cause cancer – Stuck On/gas pedal •P53 Genes promote cell growth (On or gas pedal) tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell division and survival. (off or brake) Tumor – solid growth or mass of cells from uncontrolled cell growth Tumors A large ductal carcinoma In a mastectomy specimen •Benign tumors are not cancerous – these cells do not spread to other parts of the body •Malignant tumors are cancerous – these cells break loose and can invade and destroy healthy tissue in other parts of the body (called metastasis) ANGIOGENESIS Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis l (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, Angioenclosed enter blood vessels,by a seed or andVessel metastasize to different Genesissites – new Blood supply to the tumor allowing The tumor/cancer cells to spread Malignant Time CANCER WARNING SIGNS Changes in bowel or bladder habits Sore that will not heal Unusual bleeding Thickening or a lump in the breast or somewhere else Chronic indigestion Obvious change in a mole Nagging cough Also look for extreme tiredness, weight loss, fever and sometimes pain Diagnosis of Cancer Cells Patient History- MRI, X-rays, CT, ultrasounds to “look” inside the body to identify location and size of tumor Biopsy is performed- removal of sample tissue for a specialist to check for cancer cells- look for abnormalities. Determine if the cancer has spread to other organsmetastasis of malignant tumor. - blood or lymph testing can indicate spread of cancer – if cancer cells are present Patients will visit and oncologist- doctor who examines tissue for diseases like cancer Remission – period of time when the cancer is responding to treatment or is under control STAGING OF CANCER Generally, the lower the stage, the less advanced the cancer is and the better the treatment outcome is likely to be. Stage 0 = pre-cancer Stage 1 = small cancer found only in the organ where it started Stage 2 = larger cancer that may or may not have spread to the lymph nodes Stage 3 = larger cancer that is also in the lymph nodes Stage 4 = cancer in a different organ from where it started SKIN CANCERS Most common types include squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma (both benign) and melanoma (malignant) 3.5 million cases of basal and squamous cell carcinomas each year in the U.S. Approximately 73,000 cases of melanoma each year in the U.S.- w/ about 10,000 deaths Approximately 13,000 skin cancer deaths (10,000 from melanoma) ABCDE RULES FOR MOLES This 28 year old woman had a smaller melanoma on her neck. Breast– women mammograms – Age 40 Colon – Colonoscopy – women & men-Age 50 Prostate – men- age 50 – discuss to determine Cervical – pap smears- women- age 21 Oral Cancer – dentists Work Exposures – as needed Cancer Treatments Surgery (removal of the tumor) Radiation – targeting radiation Chemotherapy –chemical substances – cytotoxic Natural Options (research option) Research- nanotechnology Directions for Cancer Pamphlet Research a specific type of cancer and create a pamphlet for this cancer Name of the Cancer Causes of the Cancer Risk Factors of the Cancer Death rate - treatability How to lower risk factors of this cancer Treatments of this cancer
