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Blakeley Jones
August 31, 2009
GEO Review I- Introduction and Minerals
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology
Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 9e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
4) Which one of the following observations and inferences is consistent with the idea of uniformitarianism?
A. Sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstream.
B. Erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds.
C. Lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater.
D. all of the above
6) The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years.
A. 4.6 thousand
B. 6.4 trillion
C. 4.6 billion
D. 6.4 million
8) The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.
A. Paleocene
B. Paleozoic
C. Permian
D. Proterozoic
9) The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.
A. asthenosphere
B. lithosphere
C. astrosphere
D. eosphere
10) A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
A. hypothesis
B. generalization
C. law
D. theory
11) All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________.
A. the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
B. assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
C. the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts
D. development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses
12) ________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
A. Sedimentary
B. Indigenous
C. Primary
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D. Igneous
13) ________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.
A. Secondary
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic
D. Sedimentary
15) In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
A. core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust
B. inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
C. inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
D. core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
18) ________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."
A. Biblical prophecy
B. Uniformitarianism
C. Aristotelian logic
D. Catastrophism
23) Which one of the following statements is not correct?
A. Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma.
B. Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.
C. Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks.
D. Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.
24) The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ________.
A. basalt
B. granite
C. peridotite
D. solid iron-nickel alloy
25) The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.
A. outer core
B. crust
C. inner core
D. mantle
26) The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.
A. inner core
B. lithosphere
C. mantle
D. outer core
27) The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
A. crust
B. outer core
C. mantle
D. inner core
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1.3 True/False Questions
1) T or F: Internally, the Earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities.
True
2) T or F: The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.
False
3) T or F: The doctrine of uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth
have been operating for a very long time.
True
5) T or F: The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years.
False
6) T or F: A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific
observations.
False
7) T or F: According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be
transformed into another type of rock, given enough time.
False
8) T or F: Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand
and mud.
False
Chapter 3 Matter and Minerals
Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 9e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
A. A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock,
the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
C. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a
rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
D. A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a
consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
2) Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?
A. neutron
B. selectron
C. electron
D. protons
3) Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________.
A. electrons in the nucleus
B. protons in the nucleus
C. neutrons in the outer nuclear shell
D. electrons in the valence bond level
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4) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
A. Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive
forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
B. Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded
together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
C. Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the
very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
D. Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions
that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
5) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?
A. The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons.
B. The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons.
C. The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons.
D. The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons.
17) The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
A. 4 oxygen ions
B. 6 oxygen ions
C. 4 sodium ions
D. 6 sodium ions
22) All silicate minerals contain which two elements?
A. iron, silicon
B. silicon, sodium
C. oxygen, carbon
D. silicon, oxygen
25) Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?
A. diamond
B. talc
C. halite
D. olivine
26) What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
A. carbon
B. chlorine
C. oxygen
D. sodium
27) The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________.
A. streak
B. cleavage
C. cracking luster
D. crystal form
28) What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?
A. molecule
B. ion
C. isotope
D. nucleon
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29) An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?
A. 19
B. 7
C. 13
D. 6
30) Which one of the following is not true for minerals?
A. They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
B. They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.
C. They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D. They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
31) In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?
A. ionic
B. subatomic
C. covalent
D. isotopic
32) How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
A. They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
B. They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
C. They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.
D. They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
33) Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?
A. sulfides
B. carbonates
C. silicates
D. chlorides
34) Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?
A. protons
B. electrons
C. isotrons
D. neutrons
37) Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?
A. calcite
B. quartz
C. diamond
D. talc
38) Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?
A. luster
B. color streak
C. virtual absorption
D. fluorescence
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3.3 True/False Questions
2) T or F: Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions and different crystalline structures.
TRUE
3) T or F: Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals.
TRUE
4) T or F: Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque.
FALSE
7) T or F: In a silicon-oxygen structural unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron.
FALSE
9) T or F: All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
TRUE
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