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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22723773A77657003 Camarhynchus pauper, Medium Tree-finch Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2015. Camarhynchus pauper. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22723773A77657003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20154.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Taxon Name: Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway, 1890 Common Name(s): • English: Medium Tree-finch Taxonomic Source(s): SACC. 2006. A classification of the bird species #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#. of South America. Available at: Identification Information: 12.5 cm. Chunky finch. Male has black head, greyish-brown upperparts, and whitish or yellowish underparts. Female has greyish-brown head. Similar spp. Differs from Large Tree-finch C. psittacula mainly in substantially smaller and less parrot-like bill, and from Small Tree-finch C. parvulus in larger bill. Voice Five-syllable series of tju notes or a dzi-dzi-dzi. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2015 Date Assessed: October 1, 2015 Justification: This species qualifies as Critically Endangered as it has a very small range on a single island, and recent information suggests that it is declining rapidly owing to the effects of the dipterid parasite Philornis downsi. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2013 – Critically Endangered (CR) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20132.RLTS.T22723773A49532348.en 2012 – Critically Endangered (CR) 2010 – Critically Endangered (CR) 2009 – Critically Endangered (CR) 2008 – Vulnerable (VU) 2004 – Vulnerable (VU) 2000 – Vulnerable (VU) 1994 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 1 1988 – Threatened (T) Geographic Range Range Description: Camarhynchus pauper is endemic to Floreana Island in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, where it has a small to moderate population in the highlands, and is uncommon to rare on the coast (Harris 1982, H. Vargas and F. Cruz in litt. 2000, J. O'Connor in litt. 2010). Recent estimates put the total population at not more than 1,660 individuals, and it has recently begun declining rapidly owing to the effects of the introduced dipterid parasite Philornis downsi (O'Connor et al. 2010a, 2010b). Its largest population can be found around the base of the volcano Cerro Pajas, where its preferred nesting tree Scalesia pedunculata is dominant (O'Connor et al. 2010a). Country Occurrence: Native: Ecuador (Galápagos) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 2 Distribution Map © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 3 Population The maximum size of the population was estimated at 1,660 individuals in 2008. It is best placed in the band 1,000-2,499 individuals, equating to 667-1,666 mature individuals, rounded here to 600-1,700 mature individuals. Trend Justification Numbers in 2008 were 39% of those recorded in 2004, indicating a decline outside the range expected for a fluctuating but stable population. Density fell from 154 birds/km2 in 2004 to 60 birds/km2 in 2008 at Cerro Pajas, and it is significantly less common now than it was 50 to 100 years ago (O'Connor et al. in prep.) Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) It inhabits montane evergreen and tropical deciduous forest, and Scalesia-zone humid scrub (Stotz et al. 1996) mainly at elevations of 300-400 m (O'Connor et al. 2010a). It feeds on insects, nectar, young buds and leaves, probing crevices in the bark of trees and searching under twigs and foliage (Castro and Phillips 1996). Systems: Terrestrial Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The most significant threat is from the introduced ectoparasite Philornis downsi, which occurs in finch nests on Floreana (Wiedenfeld et al. 2007), and is responsible for 41% of nestling mortality (O'Connor et al. 2010a, S. Kleindorfer in litt. 2008). In 2004-2008 nesting success was extremely low in all years (4-8 % of all nests producing fledglings), 28% of nestlings were predated, and parasite intensity from P. downsi was second highest of any bird species studied so far on the Galápagos archipelago (O'Connor et al. 2010a). It is thought to be at elevated risk from fly parasitism because its only extant habitat is adjacent to cleared agricultural land with fruiting trees which are favoured by the adult fly (S. Kleindorfer in litt. 2008). Floreana has a suite of introduced predators and herbivores including cattle, donkeys, pigs, cats, dogs and rats (Jackson 1985), and suffers from extensive habitat destruction and degradation as a result of agriculture (Cruz and Cruz 1996), habitat alteration by invasive plant species, and free-ranging domestic livestock (H. Vargas and F. Cruz in litt. 2000). Avian pox (Avipox virus) occurs on the island and infects a significant proportion of individuals. Predator marks from invasive rodents increased threefold between 2004-2008, and tourist visitation to favoured Scalesia habitat has increased more than tenfold since 2004 (S. Kleindorfer in litt. 2008). Having a montane distribution that is close to the maximum altitude within its range, this species is potentially susceptible to climate change (BirdLife International unpublished data). The species also appears to be at risk from hybridization with Camarhynchus psittacula and Camarhynchus parvulus, which may have already resulted in the local extinction of C. psittacula on Floreana (Kleindorfer et al. 2014). Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation and Research Actions Underway The Galápagos National Park was gazetted in 1959, and includes almost all the land area of the islands. Although the park incorporates most of Floreana, it does not include the agricultural zone of the island, © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 4 an area which was the prime habitat for Medium Tree-finch. In 1979, the islands were declared a World Heritage Site (Jackson 1985). In December 2006, the Galápagos National Park began the eradication of goats and donkeys on Floreana which successful reduced their population to negligible numbers (J. O'Connor in litt. 2010). The Galápagos National Park places rat baiting stations around the Critically Endangered Galápagos Petrel breeding colony in the centre of Cerro Pajas, which may also reduce nest predation of Medium Tree-Finches in the immediate area (J. O'Connor in litt. 2010). Methods to control or eradicate Philornis downsi are currently being trialled by researchers and visiting scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station (J. O'Connor in litt. 2010). Conservation and Research Actions Proposed Investigate methods to control or eradicate Philornis downsi. Continue to monitor the population size. Extend the national park to incorporate the agricultural zone on Floreana. Continue and extend control measures against introduced species. Credits Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Contributor(s): Cruz, F., Kleindorfer, S., O'Connor, J., Vargas, H. & Wiedenfeld, D. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Isherwood, I., McClellan, R., Pople, R., Sharpe, C J, Symes, A., Khwaja, N. & Wright, L © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 5 Bibliography Castro, I.; Phillips, A. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galápagos Islands. A&C Black, London. Christensen, R.; Kleindorfer, S. 2009. Jack of all trades or master of one? Variation in foraging specialisation across years in Darwin's Tree Finches (Camarhynchus spp.). Journal of Ornithology 150(2): 383-391. Cruz, J. B.; Cruz, F. 1996. Conservation of the Dark-rumped Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia of the Galápagos Islands, 1982-1991. Bird Conservation International 6: 23-32. Grant, P. R.; Grant, B. R.; Petren, K.; Keller, L. F. 2005. Extinction behind our backs: the possible fate of one of the Darwin’s finch species on Isla Floreana, Galápagos. Biological Conservation 122: 499-503. Harris, M. P. 1982. A field guide to the birds of Galápagos. Collins, London. IUCN. 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 19 November 2015). Jackson, M. H. 1985. Galapagos: a natural history guide. Calgary University Press, Calgary, Canada. Kleindorfer, S., O’Connor, J.A., Dudaniec, R.Y., Myers, S.A., Robertson, J. and Sulloway, F.J. 2014. Species Collapse via hybridization in Darwin’s tree finches. The American Naturalist 183(3): 325-341. O’Connor, J.A., Sulloway, F.J. and Kleindorfer, S. 2010. Avian population survey in the Floreana highlands: Is Darwin’s medium tree finch declining in remnant patches of Scalesia forest? Bird Conservation International. O'Connor, J.A., Sulloway, F.J. and Kleindorfer, S. 2010. Avian population survey in the Floreana highlands: is Darwin's medium tree finch declining in remnant patches of Scalesia forest? Bird Conservation International 20(4): 343-353. O'Connor, J.A., Sulloway, F.J., Robertson, J. and Kleindorfer, S. 2010. Philornis downsi parasitism is the primary cause of nestling mortality in the critically endangered Darwin's medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper). Biodiversity and Conservation 19(3): 853-866. Stotz, D. F.; Fitzpatrick, J. W.; Parker, T. A.; Moskovits, D. K. 1996. Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Wiedenfeld, D. A.; Jiménez, G. A.; Fessl, B.; Kleindorfer, S.; Valerezo, J. C. 2007. Distribution of the introduced parasitic fly Philornis downsi (Diptera, Muscidae) in the Galapagos Islands. Pacific Conservation Biology 13: 14-19. Citation BirdLife International. 2015. Camarhynchus pauper. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22723773A77657003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 6 For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 7 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes 1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Resident Suitable Yes 3. Shrubland -> 3.6. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Resident Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder farming Ongoing Majority (5090%) Unknown Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Rattus rattus) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Bos taurus) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Philornis downsi) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Canis familiaris) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en Unknown Unknown Unknown Rapid declines Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Medium impact: 7 Unknown 8 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Sus domesticus) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Equus asinus) 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat shifting & alteration Ongoing Majority (5090%) Unknown Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Future Whole (>90%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: No Systematic monitoring scheme: No In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: No In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: No In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: No Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 9 Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection 2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 23 Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 23 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Number of Locations: 1 Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Lower elevation limit (m): 0 Upper elevation limit (m): 640 Population Number of mature individuals: 600-1700 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: No No. of subpopulations: 1 Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 10 Population No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 100 Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown Generation Length (years): 3.80 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camarhynchus pauper – published in 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22723773A77657003.en 11 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™