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Download Review Topics: Week 1 Verbs * Indicative of the Present System
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Latin has five verb conjugations. This means that there are five patterns that verbs follow when they conjugate, depending on the theme vowel of a given verb. You can distinguish the conjugation of a Latin verb by its theme vowel, something easily found in the Pres. Act. Inf., which is the 2nd principal part of each verb. 1st: Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (“a”) 2nd: Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (“ē”) 3rd: Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum (“e”) 3rd “io”: Capiō, capere, cepī, captum (“ĭ”>“e”) The theme vowel for the “3 -io” 4th: Audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum (“ī”) conjugation is actually a short i (“ĭ”), rd which often weakens to a short e in many forms, such as the infinitive. Finite verbs have 5 characteristics: Mood, Voice, Tense, Person, and Number Mood: Indicative Subjunctive Imperative NB: Though many people may list Active Passive *Infinitives and *Participles as “moods,” they are non-finite forms of verbs, so they not actually “moods,” PresentareImperfect Futurebut are (Present System) sometimes called “modes.” Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect (Perfect System) Voice: Tense: *Infinitives and participles are actually no longer technically verbs, they are verbal st nouns and verbal1adjectives, respectively, Person: 2nd 3rd so they are the nominal and adjectival forms of the verbs. Number: Singular Plural This week’s review focuses on the present system, meaning all verbal forms built upon the present stem, including the present, future, and imperfect tenses. The present stem is found by removing the infinitive ending “-re” from the 2nd principal part of a verb. (another way to think of it is to describe the present stem as the root of the verb + theme vowel) To build an inflected finite verbal form in the present system, follow this structure: present stem + tense marker + personal ending The personal endings of the present system are as follows: Active Passive 1st sing: -ō/-m -r 2nd sing: -s -ris/-re 3rd sing: -t -tur 1st pl: 2nd pl: 3rd pl: -mus -tis -nt -mur -mini -ntur LEARN THESE VERY WELL!!!! Pres. Ind. Act. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + active personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudō laudās laudat laudāmus laudātis laudant Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum (“iou a present”) dūcō dūcis dūcit dūcimus dūcitis dūcunt Note that the 3rd conj. verbs lose their theme vowel and use “-i-/-o-/-u-” as the present tense marker. Pres. Ind. Act. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + active personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Moneō, monēre, Audiō, audīre, monuī, monitum audīvī, audītum moneō audiō monēs audīs monet audit monēmus audīmus monētis audītis monent audiunt Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt Pres. Ind. Pass. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + passive personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudor laudāris (-re) laudātur laudāmur laudāminī laudantur Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcor dūceris* (-re) dūcitur dūcimur dūciminī dūcuntur *Note that the 3rd (and 3rdio) conj. verbs maintain the short “e” in the 2nd sing. passive of the present indicative. Pres. Ind. Pass. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + pass. personal endings Moneō, monēre, Audiō, audīre, Capiō, capere, monuī, monitum audīvī, audītum cēpī, captum 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p moneor monēris (-re) monētur monēmur monēminī monentur audior audīris (-re) audītur audīmur audīminī audiuntur capior caperis (-re) capitur capimur capiminī capiuntur Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ba-” tense marker + act. personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābam laudābās laudābat laudābāmus laudābātis laudābant Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcēbam dūcēbās dūcēbat dūcēbāmus dūcēbātis dūcēbant Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ba-” tense marker + act. personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis monēbant Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiēbam audiēbās audiēbat audiēbāmus audiēbātis audiēbant Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis capiēbant Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-(ē)ba-” tense marker + passive personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābar laudābāris (-re) laudābātur laudābāmur laudābāminī laudābantur Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcēbar dūcēbāris (-re) dūcēbātur dūcēbāmur dūcēbāminī dūcēbantur Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ēba-” tense marker + passive personal endings 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbar monēbāris (-re) monēbātur monēbāmur monēbāminī monēbantur Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiēbar audiēbāris (-re) audiēbātur audiēbāmur audiēbāminī audiēbantur Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiēbar capiēbāris (-re) capiēbātur capiēbāmur capiēbāminī capiēbantur Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + act. pers. endings Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābō laudābis laudābit laudābimus laudābitis laudābunt Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcam dūcēs dūcet dūcēmus dūcētis dūcent Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + act. pers. endings Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis monēbunt Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiam audiēs audiet audiēmus audiētis audient Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis capient Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + passive pers. endings Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudābōr laudāberis (-re) laudābitur laudābimur laudābiminī laudābuntur Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūcar dūcēris (-re) dūcetur dūcēmur dūcēminī dūcentur Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + passive pers. endings Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-* For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule) 1st s 2nd s 3rd s 1st p 2nd p 3rd p Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum monēbor monēberis (-re) monēbitur monēbimur monēbiminī monēbuntur Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum audiar audiēris (-re) audiētur audiēmur audiēminī audientur Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum capiar capiēris (-re) capiētur capiēmur capiēminī capientur The imperative mood is used to convey a direct command, such as: “Do it!” or “Go away!” (picture your boss or your instructor screaming at you) Imperatives in classical Latin are found mainly in the active voice of the present tense. A singular imperative is used to convey a direct command to a single person, while a plural imperative conveys a direct command to multiple people. The imperative mood of the present tense is formed using the present stem (including theme vowel) + Ø ending for the sing. and “-te” ending for the plural. NB: The present stem of the 3rdio conjugation ends in a short ĭ, which will weaken in the singular imperative as it does in the pres. act. inf.: ĭ > e; The short ĕ of the 3rd conjugation will also weaken to i for the plural imperative. Present Imperat. SING. = present stem (including theme vowel) + Ø Present Imperat. PLUR. = present stem (including theme vowel) + “-te” NB: The present stem of the 3rdio conjugation ends in a short ĭ, which will weaken in the singular imperative as it does in the pres. act. inf.: ĭ > e; The short ĕ of the 3rd conjugation will also weaken to i for the plural imperative. laudō Sing. laudā Pl. moneō monē laudāte monēte agō age audiō audī capiō cape agite audīte capite NB: There are also 4 important exceptions: the 4 monosyllabic singular imperatives: dīc! dūc! fac! and fer!, from dīcō, dūcō faciō, and ferō, respectively. These verbs form the singular imperative using the base alone (without theme vowel). These form their plural imperatives as expected.