Download Review Topics: Week 1 Verbs * Indicative of the Present System

Latin has five verb conjugations. This means that there are five
patterns that verbs follow when they conjugate, depending on the
theme vowel of a given verb.
You can distinguish the conjugation of a Latin verb by its theme
vowel, something easily found in the Pres. Act. Inf., which is the 2nd
principal part of each verb.
1st: Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (“a”)
2nd: Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (“ē”)
3rd: Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum (“e”)
3rd “io”: Capiō, capere, cepī, captum (“ĭ”>“e”)
The theme vowel for the “3 -io”
4th: Audiō, audīre, audivī,
auditum (“ī”)
conjugation is actually a short i (“ĭ”),
rd
which often weakens to a short e in
many forms, such as the infinitive.
Finite verbs have 5 characteristics:
Mood, Voice, Tense, Person, and Number
Mood: Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
NB: Though many people may list
Active
Passive
*Infinitives and *Participles as “moods,”
they are non-finite forms of verbs, so they
not actually “moods,”
PresentareImperfect
Futurebut are
(Present System)
sometimes called
“modes.”
Perfect Pluperfect
Future
Perfect (Perfect System)
Voice:
Tense:
*Infinitives and participles are actually no
longer technically verbs, they are verbal
st
nouns and verbal1adjectives,
respectively,
Person:
2nd
3rd
so they are the nominal and adjectival
forms of the verbs.
Number:
Singular
Plural
This week’s review focuses on the present system,
meaning all verbal forms built upon the present stem,
including the present, future, and imperfect tenses.
The present stem is found by removing the infinitive
ending “-re” from the 2nd principal part of a verb.
(another way to think of it is to describe the present
stem as the root of the verb + theme vowel)
To build an inflected finite verbal form in the present
system, follow this structure:
present stem + tense marker + personal ending
The personal endings of the present system are as
follows:
Active
Passive
1st sing:
-ō/-m
-r
2nd sing:
-s
-ris/-re
3rd sing:
-t
-tur
1st pl:
2nd pl:
3rd pl:
-mus
-tis
-nt
-mur
-mini
-ntur
LEARN THESE VERY WELL!!!!
Pres. Ind. Act. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + active personal
endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Laudō, laudāre,
laudāvī, laudātum
laudō
laudās
laudat
laudāmus
laudātis
laudant
Ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum
(“iou a present”)
dūcō
dūcis
dūcit
dūcimus
dūcitis
dūcunt
Note that the 3rd conj. verbs lose their
theme vowel and use “-i-/-o-/-u-” as
the present tense marker.
Pres. Ind. Act. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + active personal
endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Moneō, monēre, Audiō, audīre,
monuī, monitum audīvī, audītum
moneō
audiō
monēs
audīs
monet
audit
monēmus
audīmus
monētis
audītis
monent
audiunt
Capiō, capere,
cēpī, captum
capiō
capis
capit
capimus
capitis
capiunt
Pres. Ind. Pass. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + passive
personal endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,
laudātum
laudor
laudāris (-re)
laudātur
laudāmur
laudāminī
laudantur
Ducō, ducere, duxī,
ductum
dūcor
dūceris* (-re)
dūcitur
dūcimur
dūciminī
dūcuntur
*Note that the 3rd (and 3rdio) conj.
verbs maintain the short “e” in the
2nd sing. passive of the present
indicative.
Pres. Ind. Pass. = Present Stem + Ø tense marker + pass. personal
endings
Moneō, monēre,
Audiō, audīre,
Capiō, capere,
monuī, monitum
audīvī, audītum cēpī, captum
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
moneor
monēris (-re)
monētur
monēmur
monēminī
monentur
audior
audīris (-re)
audītur
audīmur
audīminī
audiuntur
capior
caperis (-re)
capitur
capimur
capiminī
capiuntur
Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ba-” tense marker + act. personal
endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Laudō, laudāre,
laudāvī, laudātum
laudābam
laudābās
laudābat
laudābāmus
laudābātis
laudābant
Ducō, ducere, duxī,
ductum
dūcēbam
dūcēbās
dūcēbat
dūcēbāmus
dūcēbātis
dūcēbant
Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ba-” tense marker + act. personal
endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Moneō, monēre,
monuī, monitum
monēbam
monēbās
monēbat
monēbāmus
monēbātis
monēbant
Audiō, audīre,
audīvī, audītum
audiēbam
audiēbās
audiēbat
audiēbāmus
audiēbātis
audiēbant
Capiō, capere,
cēpī, captum
capiēbam
capiēbās
capiēbat
capiēbāmus
capiēbātis
capiēbant
Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-(ē)ba-” tense marker + passive
personal endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Laudō, laudāre,
laudāvī, laudātum
laudābar
laudābāris (-re)
laudābātur
laudābāmur
laudābāminī
laudābantur
Ducō, ducere, duxī,
ductum
dūcēbar
dūcēbāris (-re)
dūcēbātur
dūcēbāmur
dūcēbāminī
dūcēbantur
Impf. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “-ēba-” tense marker + passive
personal endings
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Moneō, monēre,
monuī, monitum
monēbar
monēbāris (-re)
monēbātur
monēbāmur
monēbāminī
monēbantur
Audiō, audīre,
audīvī, audītum
audiēbar
audiēbāris (-re)
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāminī
audiēbantur
Capiō, capere,
cēpī, captum
capiēbar
capiēbāris (-re)
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāminī
capiēbantur
Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + act. pers.
endings
Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-*
For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule)
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Laudō, laudāre,
laudāvī, laudātum
laudābō
laudābis
laudābit
laudābimus
laudābitis
laudābunt
Ducō, ducere,
duxī, ductum
dūcam
dūcēs
dūcet
dūcēmus
dūcētis
dūcent
Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + act. pers.
endings
Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-*
For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule)
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Moneō, monēre,
monuī, monitum
monēbō
monēbis
monēbit
monēbimus
monēbitis
monēbunt
Audiō, audīre,
audīvī, audītum
audiam
audiēs
audiet
audiēmus
audiētis
audient
Capiō, capere,
cēpī, captum
capiam
capiēs
capiet
capiēmus
capiētis
capient
Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + passive
pers. endings
Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-*
For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule)
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Laudō, laudāre,
laudāvī, laudātum
laudābōr
laudāberis (-re)
laudābitur
laudābimur
laudābiminī
laudābuntur
Ducō, ducere,
duxī, ductum
dūcar
dūcēris (-re)
dūcetur
dūcēmur
dūcēminī
dūcentur
Fut. Ind. Act. = Pres. Stem + “bi” or “a/e” tense marker + passive
pers. endings
Future Tense Marker: For 1st & 2nd conjugations = -bi-*
For 3rd & 4th conjugations = -a-/-e- (A&5Es rule)
1st s
2nd s
3rd s
1st p
2nd p
3rd p
Moneō, monēre,
monuī, monitum
monēbor
monēberis (-re)
monēbitur
monēbimur
monēbiminī
monēbuntur
Audiō, audīre,
audīvī, audītum
audiar
audiēris (-re)
audiētur
audiēmur
audiēminī
audientur
Capiō, capere,
cēpī, captum
capiar
capiēris (-re)
capiētur
capiēmur
capiēminī
capientur
The imperative mood is used to convey a direct command, such
as: “Do it!” or “Go away!” (picture your boss or your instructor
screaming at you)
Imperatives in classical Latin are found mainly in the active voice
of the present tense.
A singular imperative is used to convey a direct command to a
single person, while a plural imperative conveys a direct
command to multiple people.
The imperative mood of the present tense is formed using the
present stem (including theme vowel) + Ø ending for the sing.
and “-te” ending for the plural.
NB: The present stem of the 3rdio conjugation ends in a short ĭ,
which will weaken in the singular imperative as it does in the pres.
act. inf.: ĭ > e; The short ĕ of the 3rd conjugation will also weaken
to i for the plural imperative.
Present Imperat. SING. = present stem (including theme vowel) + Ø
Present Imperat. PLUR. = present stem (including theme vowel) + “-te”
NB: The present stem of the 3rdio conjugation ends in a short ĭ, which will
weaken in the singular imperative as it does in the pres. act. inf.: ĭ > e; The
short ĕ of the 3rd conjugation will also weaken to i for the plural imperative.
laudō
Sing. laudā
Pl.
moneō
monē
laudāte monēte
agō
age
audiō
audī
capiō
cape
agite
audīte
capite
NB: There are also 4 important exceptions: the 4 monosyllabic
singular imperatives: dīc! dūc! fac! and fer!, from dīcō, dūcō
faciō, and ferō, respectively. These verbs form the singular
imperative using the base alone (without theme vowel). These
form their plural imperatives as expected.