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Section 1: Community Ecology
All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment.
Essential Questions
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How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species?
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How do ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of organisms?
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What are the stages of primary and secondary succession?
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Community Ecology
Vocabulary
Review
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abiotic factor
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community
limiting factor
tolerance
ecological succession
primary succession
climax community
secondary succession
Community Ecology
Communities
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A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the
same area at the same time.
Communities
Limiting Factors
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Any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or redistribution of
organisms is called a limiting factor.
– Abiotic limiting factors includes sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire,
soil chemistry, and space
– Biotic limiting factors include other plant and animal species
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JptytfaO_3s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QI2ixJeIxEU
Communities
Range of Tolerance
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For any environmental condition, there is an upper limit and lower limit an
organism can survive.
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The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic or biotic
factors is called tolerance.
Ecological Succession
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The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces
another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological
succession.
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There are two types of ecological succession – primary succession and
secondary succession.
Ecological Succession
Primary succession
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The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not
have any topsoil is primary succession. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLpc71YOtcE
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The stable, mature community that results when there is little change in
species composition is a climax community.
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Community Ecology
Ecological Succession
Secondary succession
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The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of
organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is secondary
succession. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ2Xl6ZqzRI
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Community Ecology
Review
Essential Questions
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How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species?
How do ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of organisms?
What are the stages of primary and secondary succession?
Vocabulary
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community
limiting factor
tolerance
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ecological succession
primary succession
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climax community
secondary succession
Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes
Ecosystems on land are grouped into biomes primarily based on the
plant communities within them.
Essential Questions
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How is latitude related to the three major climate zones?
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What are the major abiotic factors that determine the location of a terrestrial
biome?
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How are the terrestrial biomes distinguished based on climate and biotic
factors?
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Terrestrial Biomes
Vocabulary
Review
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biome
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weather
latitude
climate
tundra
boreal forest
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temperate forest
woodland
grassland
desert
tropical savanna
tropical seasonal forest
tropical rain forest
Terrestrial Biomes
Effects of Latitude and Climate
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_________ is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time.
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Weather and community variations are driven by global differences in
_________ and __________ conditions.
Effects of Latitude and Climate
Latitude
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____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
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_________________ strikes the Earth more directly at the _________ than
at the poles.
Effects of Latitude and Climate
Climate
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The average weather conditions in an
area, including ______________ and
__________, describe an area’s climate.
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Plants and animals have adapted to the
climate of their biome – ___________
______________ in temperature and
precipitation can affect them.
The Greenhouse Effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTvqIijqvTg
Visualizing Global Effects on Climate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye45DGkqUkE
Major Land Biomes
Tundra
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The tundra is a treeless biome with a layer of ____________________
(Permafrost).
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Temperature range: ___________; average precipitation: _________cm/year
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Geographic location: ____________________________________________
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Constant cycle of freezing and thawing does not allow tree roots to grow.
Major Land Biomes
Boreal forest
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The _______________ (Also called the Taiga or Coniferous Forest) is a
dense evergreen or coniferous forest.
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Temperature range: -54°C–21°C; average precipitation: 30-84 cm/year
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Geographic location: northern part of North America, Europe, and Asia
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____________ are short and moist; _________ are long, cold, and dry
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Temperate forest
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The temperate forest (Also called the Deciduous Forest) is composed of
broad-leaved, deciduous trees
Temperature range: -30°C–30°C; average precipitation: 75-150 cm/year
Geographic location: south of the boreal forests in eastern North America,
eastern Asia, Australia, and Europe
Four well-defined seasons; summers are hot, winters are cold
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Temperate grassland
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Woodlands and mixed shrub communities are found in areas with less
annual rainfall than temperate forests
Temperature range: 10°C–40°C; average precipitation: 38-100 cm/year
Geographic location: surrounds the Mediterranean Sea, western coast of
North and South America, South Africa, and Australia
Summers are very hot and dry; winters are cool and wet
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Temperate grassland
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A grassland has fertile soils that are able to support a thick cover of grasses
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Temperature range: -40°C–38°C; average precipitation: 50-89 cm/year
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Geographic location: North America, South America, Asia, Africa, and
Australia
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Summers are hot; winters are cold; moderate rainfall; fires possible
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Desert
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A desert is any area where average evaporation > average precipitation
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Temperature range: high: 20°C–49°C low: -18°C–10°C; average
precipitation: 2-26 cm/yr
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Geographic location: every continent except Europe
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Abiotic factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Tropical savanna
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A tropical savanna has grasses and scattered trees, and less precipitation
than other tropical areas
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Temperature range: 20°C–30°C; average precipitation: 50-130 cm per year
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Geographic location: Africa, South America, and Australia
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Summers are hot and rainy; winters are cool and dry
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Tropical Seasonal Forest
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A tropical seasonal forest is analogous to a temperate forest, and has distinct
wet and dry seasons
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Temperature range: 20°C–25°C; average precipitation: >200 cm per year
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Geographic location: Africa, Asia, Australia, and South and Central America
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Abiotic factors: rainfall is seasonal
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major Land Biomes
Tropical Rain Forest
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A tropical rainforest has warm temperatures and large amounts of rainfall
throughout the year
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Temperature range: 24°C–27°C; average precipitation: 200-1000 cm/year
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Geographic location: Central and South America, southern Asia, western
Africa, and northeastern Australia
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Humid all year; hot and wet
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Terrestrial Biomes
Ecosystems, Organisms, and Trophic Levels
Virtual Lab
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Terrestrial Biomes
Other Terrestrial Areas
Mountains
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Mountains do not fit the definition of a biome, because their climatic
characteristics change with elevation.
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Terrestrial Biomes
Other Terrestrial Areas
Polar Regions
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Border the tundra at high altitudes
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Polar regions are cold all year, and covered by a thick layer of ice
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Average winter temperature is about -30°C
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Terrestrial Biomes
Review
Essential Questions
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How is latitude related to the three major climate zones?
What are the major abiotic factors that determine the location of a terrestrial
biome?
How are the terrestrial biomes distinguished based on climate and biotic
factors?
Vocabulary
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weather
latitude
climate
tundra
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boreal forest
temperate forest
woodland
grassland
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tropical savanna
tropical seasonal forest
tropical rain forest
Terrestrial Biomes
Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems
Aquatic ecosystems are grouped based on abiotic factors such
as water flow, depth, distance from shore, salinity, and latitude.
Essential Questions Section 3-3
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What are the major abiotic factors that determine the aquatic ecosystems?
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What are transitional aquatic ecosystems and why are they important?
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What are the zones of marine ecosystems?
Vocabulary
Review
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salinity
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sediment
littoral zone
limnetic zone
plankton
profundal zone
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wetlands
estuary
intertidal zone
photic zone
aphotic zone
benthic zone
abyssal zone
Aquatic Ecosystems
The Water on Earth
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Aquatic environments are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Only about 2.5 percent of the water on Earth is freshwater.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Rivers and streams
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Water in rivers and streams flow in one direction.
The slope of the landscape determines the direction and speed of the water.
Sediment is the material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Rivers and streams
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Interactions between land and water result in differences in erosion, nutrient
availability, and species composition and diversity along the course of the
water.
• Fast moving water: less sediment and organic matter; fewer species
• Slow moving water: sediment is deposited as mud, silt, and sand;
supports a diversity of plant and animal species
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes and ponds
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An inland body of standing water is called a lake or pond.
The temperature of lakes and ponds varies depending on the season.
Turnover in lake water circulates nutrients and oxygen between water depths
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes and ponds
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Lakes and ponds are divided into three zones based on the amount of
sunlight that penetrates the water.
The littoral zone is closest to shore, shallow, and sunlight reaches the
bottom.
The littoral zone is a highly productive area, with numerous producers.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes and ponds
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The limnetic zone is an open water area that is well lit.
Production is dominated by phytoplankton, free-floating autotrophs
Home to many freshwater fish
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes and ponds
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The profundal zone is the deepest part of a lake or pond.
Little light penetrates through the limnetic layer
Colder and lower in oxygen
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems
Wetlands
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Areas of land such as marshes, swamps, and bogs that are saturated with
water and that support aquatic plants are called wetlands.
Wetlands have high levels of species diversity.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems
Estuaries
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An estuary is where freshwater from a stream or river meets saltwater from
the ocean.
Estuaries can support a variety of habitats, such as mangrove forests or salt
marshes.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Intertidal zone
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The intertidal zone is a narrow band where the ocean meets land.
Organisms must adapt to daily changes in tides and wave action.
The intertidal zone is further divided into vertical zones.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Open ocean ecosystems
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The open ocean is divided into three zones: pelagic, abyssal, and benthic.
The pelagic zone is further divided into two zones
The photic zone is shallow enough that sunlight is able to penetrate.
The aphotic zone is an area that sunlight is unable to penetrate.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Open ocean ecosystems
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The benthic zone is the area along the ocean floor.
In shallow areas, the benthic zone receives sunlight, as depth increases,
light and temperature decrease.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Open ocean ecosystems
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The deepest region of the ocean is called the abyssal zone.
Water is very cold, and there is no light penetration
Organisms depend on food materials that sink from the surface
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Coastal ocean and coral reefs
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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.
Widely distributed in warm shallow marine waters
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Review
Essential Questions
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What are the major abiotic factors that determine the aquatic ecosystems?
What are transitional aquatic ecosystems and why are they important?
What are the zones of marine ecosystems?
Vocabulary
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sediment
littoral zone
limnetic zone
plankton
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profundal zone
wetlands
estuary
intertidal zone
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photic zone
aphotic zone
benthic zone
abyssal zone
Aquatic Ecosystems