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Social Studies Glossary This document can be found at R:\Common K-12\Vocabulary Instruction\Social Studies Critical Vocabulary – These are words that are critical to the understanding of this course and courses to follow. These words must be taught to deep understanding by using the six steps of effective vocabulary instruction. A Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Abolitionist One who was against slavery Absolutism Form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler Affirmative Action Policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special consideration to traditionally disadvantaged Grade/ Course 7 World History groups in an effort to overcome the present effects of past discrimination U. S. History Agriculture The raising of crops or animals for human use 6 Amendment A written change in or addition to a document 5 Ancient From a very long time ago 3 Apartheid System of laws that separated racial and ethnic groups and limited the rights of blacks in South Africa 6 B Fall 2007 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Borders Lines on a map that show where a state or a nation ends Bureaucracy Thousands of government agencies and institutions that administer laws and programs and is one of the 4 policymaking groups within the government Business Cycle Grade/ Course Pattern of economic growth followed by an economic decline U. S. Government U. S. History C Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Cabinet Informal institution of advisors that work within the executive branch to assist the president and enact policy Calendar A chart showing days and months of the year K Capital resources Resources that are used to create other goods or services 6 Capitalism Economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in order to make a profit with limited government control Century A period of time lasting one hundred years Checks and Balances Ability of each branch of the U.S. government to limit the actions of the others in order to prevent any one U. S. Government World History 3 from gaining too much power 8 Citizenship The level of a person's good behavior as a member of a community 3 City An area where many people live and work 1 Fall 2007 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Civic Responsibility Obligations of citizens to be active, peaceful, loyal, and supportive to the community 5 Civil liberties Protections of the people from abuse by the government 7 Civil Service Collective term for the body of employees working for the government (Generally, the term is understood to apply to all those who gain government employment through a merit system.) Civilization Complex culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping and advanced technology Collective Bargaining Discussions and/or negotiations between an employer (or their representatives) and labor unions over wages and working conditions U. S. History World History U. S. History Colonization The process of establishing a territory or community that is under the control of another country 5 Colony Settlement outside the borders of the country that rules it 5 Command Economy Economy in which the production of goods and services is planned and controlled by a central administration Communication The way people share ideas, thoughts, or information with each other Communism Economic system in which all factors of production are owned by the public for the welfare of all Community A place where people live, work, and have fun together 2 Compass Rose A drawing on a map that shows directions to help people use the map 3 Compromise 2 World History A settlement of differences between opposing sides in which each side gives up some claims and agrees to some demands of the other Confederate System Union of sovereign states that are loosely joined but retain most of their independence and powers Conflict A disagreement over ideas, feelings, or interests Fall 2007 World Geography 7 8 4 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Consent of the Idea that the people willingly give some of their power to the government for the common good 8 Governed Conservative In general, a person who opposes or wants to limit government intervention in the economy and social welfare state policies Constitution A written set of laws that explains how a government is supposed to work Constitutional System System that the basic principles and laws of a government should be organized and administered through U. S. History 4 compliance with a written or unwritten constitution World History Consumer A person who buys a product or service 5 Continent One of seven large areas of land on Earth 2 Country A large area of land run by a group of people 1 Cultural Convergence Process of practice that occurs when the ideas, habits, skills, arts, and institutions of one culture come in contact and interact with those of another culture World Geography Cultural diffusion Process of spreading new knowledge or skills to other cultures Cultural Divergence Process of disassociating cultures or protecting a culture from other influences Culture Way of life of a group of people who share common beliefs and customs 6 Customs The way people usually do something K Fall 2007 6 World Geography Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary D Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Critical Vocabulary Grade/ Course Deforestation The process of clearing forestland 6 Demand The want of a product or service and the ability to buy it 3 Democracy Government in which the people participate 5 Demographics The statistical data of human populations 6 Desertification Process by which grasslands change to desert and land suitable for farming is lost 6 Developed (Industrialized) Countries that have a high percentage of capital resources and quality of life is generally good 6 countries Developing countries Countries that lack capital resources and basic needs are not always met 6 Dictator Leader with total power 5 Disenfranchise Removal of the ability to vote from a person or group of people U. S. History (Disfranchise) Distance The amount of space between two places; how far it is from one place to another Domestic Policy Government action created to deal with some problem or concern within the United States to improve quality of life Fall 2007 3 U. S. Government Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary E Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Critical Vocabulary Grade/ Course Economic Growth When an economy experiences full employment and full production and there is growth in real GDP Economics A system of producing, distributing, and consuming wealth and resources 6 Emancipation The act of freeing from bondage or oppression 7 Embargo Restriction by a government on certain or all trade with a foreign nation 8 Emigration To leave one country or region to settle in another (refers to the point of departure) 7 Empire Political unit having an extensive territory or comprising a number of territories or nations and ruled by a single supreme authority Enlightenment Intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society Environment Equator Economics World History World History All the physical and human features and conditions that make up a place 3 An imaginary line of latitude marked 0 degrees that circles the globe halfway between the North and South 4 Poles Equilibrium Point at which quantity demand is equal to quantity supplied at a particular price Era A period of time characterized by particular circumstances, events, or persons 7 Ethnic group People who share a common culture, language, or history 6 Ethnicity One’s racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural background 7 Fall 2007 Economics Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Executive Branch Part of the government led by a mayor, governor, or president, that carries out the laws 4 Expansion The act or process of growing 5 Expenditures Spending within an economy Economics Exploration Journey made by people going to a new place to learn about it 4 Explorer A person who travels to a new place to learn about it 2 Export Goods that are sent out of a country 5 F Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Critical Vocabulary Grade/ Course Faction Group of people who have certain interests that are not shared with others in a larger group 7 Family Group of people who love and care for each other; usually live together, and depend upon each other K Fascism Political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule Federalism Sharing of government power between the local, state and the national governments Feminism Social movement that supports political, economic, and social equality for women Feudalism Political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for Government policy of taxing and government spending in order to achieve economic growth within an economy Fall 2007 8 U. S. History their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land Fiscal Policy World History World History Economics Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Flag Cloth that stands for a country or state Formal Region Geographic area that can be defined by a limited number of related human or physical characteristics K (Examples include Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa) World Geography Free Enterprise System Economic system where individuals and companies are free to make a profit with limited government control 8 Friend Someone you like to be with and who likes to be with you K Functional Region Group of places that are linked together by common purpose or use (The Amazon Basin in linked by the flow of water toward the ocean. The Dallas transit system is a functional region linked by the flow of commuters.) Fundamentalism Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all stories and details in the Bible are literally true World Geography U. S. History G Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Geography Study of Earth and its people, plants, and animals Globalization Increasing development of worldwide economic and cultural connections Globe Round model of the earth 1 Goods Products or things that can be bought or sold; things made or grown 2 Government Group of people who run a community, state, or country 2 Governor Leader of the state executive branch 4 Fall 2007 2 World Geography Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary H Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Hemisphere Half of the globe 3 History The study of the past 2 Holiday A day of no work or school; a day to celebrate important people and special events K Honesty Being truthful, not lying or cheating 1 Human –environment How people adapt to or change their environment 6 interaction Human Geography Study of how humans and their cultures impact the earth Human Resources Workers needed to make and sell products or services; labor World Geography 5 I Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Immigration The act of entering a country to live 5 Impact The effect of one thing on another 4 Imperialism Policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially Fall 2007 World History Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Import Goods brought into a country Incorporation Doctrine Application of the protections given in the Bill of Rights to the states (The United Supreme Court has used 5 the 14th Amendment over time on a case by case basis to require the states to give the protections in the U. S. Government national Bill of Rights to the citizens of their states.) Independence Freedom from the control of another country; to be free from other people or places Independent Regulatory Agency created by Congress that is concerned with a specific aspect of the economy Commission 4 U. S. Government Industrial Revolution Shift, beginning in England during the 18th Century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine Industrialization The process of changing an economy to rely more on manufacturing and less on farming(agriculture) 6 Industry Businesses that create a type of product or provide a type of service 4 Infrastructure System of roads, hospitals, schools, sanitation, etc. that enable a country to function Initiative Voters can submit a petition to the legislature proposing a new law Interdependence People, countries, or things that depend on or need each other Interest Cost of money Interest Groups Group of people who share a cause and want to influence government policy to further their specific cause Investment Spending on machinery and tools for capital growth within the economy Isolationism Foreign policy where a nation does not take an active role in international affairs or alliances World History World Geography U. S. History 4 Economics 8 Economics U. S. History J Fall 2007 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Judicial Activism Philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power to create public policy Judicial Branch Part of the government in which courts decide if laws are fair and match with the Constitution Judicial Restraint Philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should not use their power to make broad new policies or change legislative actions Judicial Review Principle that the Supreme Court has the power to interpret (decide) the meaning of the U.S. Constitution Jurisdiction Power of a court to review or hear a particular type of case Grade/ Course U. S. Government 4 U. S. Government 8 U. S. Government L Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Landforms A feature of the earth's surface such as a mountain, hill, plain, or peninsula 2 Landmarks Natural or man-made features that help people find their way 2 Latitude An imaginary line running around the earth from east to west that is used to measure distance north or south 4 in degrees Leader Someone who helps people decide what to do 1 Legislative Branch Part of the government that makes laws 4 Liberal In general, a person who supports government intervention in the economy and social welfare state policies Fall 2007 U. S. History Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Limited Government Principle that the people give the government its power and the people can limit that power (In the U.S. 8 system it is the Constitution which describes those powers.) Longitude An imaginary line running around the earth from north to south that is used to measure distance east or west 4 in degrees M Critical Vocabulary Manifest destiny Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course The belief that the United States had a God given right to spread across North America from the Atlantic to 7 the Pacific Ocean Manufacturing Making products with machines 4 Map A drawing that shows where something is located 1 Map legend A box on a map in which symbols are explained 4 Market Economy Economic system in which the quantity of goods and services that should be produced are determined by consumers and the laws of supply and demand Mayor A leader of a city government McCarthyism Attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being 3 Communists in the early 1950’s Mercantilism World Geography U. S. History Economic and political policy in which European countries acquired more national wealth by establishing and exploiting colonies which supplied raw materials and markets for the home countries industries Fall 2007 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team 8 Social Studies Glossary Migration Movement from one country or place to another 7 Mission Religious settlement where church people live and work 4 Mixed Economy Economic system which is a combination of a command economy and a market economy Modern Present-day; up-to-date Monarchy Type of political system in which power is held by a king or queen usually born into power who may or may World Geography 3 6 not share power with the people Monetary Policy Actions taken by the FOMC to achieve economic growth through the use of buying and selling government securities to influence interest rates Monopoly Industry in which there is only one producer or in which one producer has substantial control of the market Economics U. S. History N Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Nationalism Devotion to the interests or culture of one's country or ethnic group Nation-State Group of people within a defined territory organized politically with sovereignty Nativism Defense of native born people and a hostility toward the foreign born, usually combined with the desire to 8 World Geography stop or slow immigration Natural resources Resources which come from the earth or land Naturalized Citizen Person who has satisfied the requirements and has become a citizen of the United States Needs Things people must have to live such as food, clothing, and a place to live Fall 2007 Grade/ Course U. S. History 6 U. S. Government 2 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Neighborhood A place where people live, work, and play 1 Nullification Refusal or failure of a U.S. state to recognize or enforce a federal law within its boundaries 8 O Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Ocean A very large body of salt water Oligarchy Political system or a government in which power is in the hands of a few people —especially one in which 1 rule is based upon wealth Opportunity Cost Grade/ Course Next best alternative given up as the result of having to make a decision between items or courses of action World History Economics P Critical Vocabulary Patronage Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Office holder’s power to appoint or reward faithful party workers and followers with government employment and contracts Perceptual Region Geographic area without precise borders defined by commonly held views (Examples include Dixie, Rust Belt, and Bible Belt.) Physical geography Fall 2007 Grade/ Course U. S. History World Geography Study of natural features on the earth’s surface – land and water forms and animals Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team 6 Social Studies Glossary Pioneer One of the first to go live in an area or the first to do something Place Theme of geography that focuses on the unique human and physical attributes of a particular location Plantation system Large farms or estates raising a cash crop using slave labor Political Machine Local or state political organization that is successful at winning elections due to unfair use of the political 3 World Geography 7 process to win influence for party insiders U. S. History Political parties Group of persons who work together to win elections and control the government 8 Popular Sovereignty All political power comes from the people 7 Population The number of people living in a place 4 Population Density Average number of people who live in a measurable area which is determined by dividing the number of people by the amount of land they occupy World Geography President Our country’s leader 1 Primary source Something created during the time of an event 5 Prime Meridian An imaginary line of longitude marked 0 degrees that runs from pole to pole 4 Producer A person who makes a product 5 Profit Motive Self interest motivating factor in an economy Protective Tariff High tax on imports (The purpose of a protective tariff is to protect a nation’s industries from foreign Economics 8 competition.) Public Opinion What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time Pull Factors Factors that attract people to move to a new place (immigrate) 8 Push Factors Factors that force someone to leave where they presently live (emigrate) 8 Fall 2007 U. S. Government Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Q Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Quantity Demanded Amount desired by buyers at a specific price Economics Quantity Supplied Amount provided by sellers at a specific price Economics R Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Recall Procedure by which a public official may be removed from office by popular vote U. S. History Recession Two or more successive quarters (6 months or longer) in which the economy shrinks instead of grows U. S. History Referendum Practice of allowing voters to decide a legislative issue U. S. History Reformation 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches World History Region An area that shares common characteristics 4 Religion System of beliefs, values, or practices based on the teachings of a spiritual leader(s) or natural elements 6 Renaissance Rebirth of intellectual and artistic achievement; originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe Fall 2007 World History Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Republic Form of representative government based on a constitution in which decisions are made by elected or 8 appointed officials Responsibility Something a person should do because it is necessary and important 3 Revolution A fight or struggle for a great change 5 Rights Freedoms guaranteed to all citizens of the United States 5 Rule Something that tells us what to do and what not to do 1 Rural Describing an area that is made up mostly of farmland 2 S Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Scale A line or bar that explains how real distance is shown on a map 3 Scarcity A shortage, or lack of supply 3 School A safe place where children learn K Scientific Revolution Major change in European thoughts, starting in the mid 1500’s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs World History Season One of the four parts of a year: spring, summer, fall, and winter K Secede To formally withdraw from membership in an organization 7 Secondary source Description of events written by people after the event 5 Sectionalism Putting the needs of one’s region over the needs of the nation as a whole 8 Fall 2007 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Services Work that someone does for someone else 2 Segregation Forced separation of people of different races in public places 7 Settlement A small village built by the first people to live in a new place 3 Slavery The practice of owning people and forcing them to work 5 Social Contract Written or understood agreement between the people and their political organization that defines the government Socialism Economic system in which the major factors of production are controlled by a single authoritarian party which claims to be for the welfare of all Sovereignty Complete independence and self-government Spatial Diffusion Process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another from one place Level of development of a country based on the quality of life enjoyed by its population (income, life expectancy, availability of health car, etc.) State A part of a country Stateless Nation Group of people who shares common customs, origins, history, and frequently language who do not have their own nation-state World History 8 to another Standard of Living U. S. Government World Geography World Geography 1 World Geography Suburban Describing a small community that is close to a city 2 Suffrage The right to vote 7 Supply Goods offered for sale by a business 3 Symbol A picture that stands for a real thing 1 Fall 2007 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary T Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Tariff A tax on imported goods 7 Taxation Laws that require people to pay money or goods to a government 5 Technological innovation New ways of doing things that are more efficient 7 Technology Used to make things faster, easier, or better 1 Temperance Social reform that encouraged people to not drink alcoholic beverages 7 The Bill of Rights First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution listing the basic rights and freedoms of Americans 5 The Founders The people who were important in the establishment of the United States 5 The Framers Delegates to the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 who wrote the Constitution 5 The Preamble Introduction to the Constitution 5 Theocracy Political system in which the government is controlled by religious leaders Third Parties Independent political groups that work to elect officials to public office, based on individuals who break away World History from one of the major parties, have a single issue of concern, or based on an ideology U. S. Government Timeline A drawing that shows when and in what order events took place 2 Today The present day 1 Tomorrow The day after today 1 Totalitarianism Political system or government that controls every aspect of public and private life Fall 2007 World History Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary Traditional Economy Economic system in which goods and services are produced by a family for their personal consumption as they have done for generations World Geography Traditions The way people usually do something that is passed from one generation to another K Transportation The moving of people or things from one place to another 2 Treaty Formal agreement between two or more governments, as in reference to terms of peace or trade 4 Truth Something that is true; a fact 3 U Critical Vocabulary Unalienable Rights Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Rights that the government cannot take away from the people based on John Locke’s idea of the natural 8 rights of life, liberty, and property Unconstitutional Law or government action that the Supreme Court has decided contradicts the U.S. Constitution (Actions of 8 individuals may be illegal but only actions of the government are unconstitutional.) Unitary System System of government where the local and regional governments receive all power or authority directly from the central government Urban Describing a city and the places around it Urbanization Process in which the number of cities and their populations increase which result in changes in lifestyle and/or standard of living Fall 2007 U. S. Government 2 World Geography Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team Social Studies Glossary V Critical Vocabulary Voting Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Making a choice in a group K W Critical Vocabulary Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course Wants Things we would like to have 2 World The planet Earth K Y Critical Vocabulary Yesterday Fall 2007 Description This is for teacher use only to provide aligned descriptions for Katy ISD teachers K-12. It is not a formal definition to be memorized by students. Grade/ Course The day before today 1 Created by AP Social Studies Vertical Team
