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Culture… way of life Civilization… society with a developed knowledge of farming, trading, gov’t, art & science Technology… the application of scientific knowledge to serve man Domesticated… tamed Dynasty… series of rulers from the same family, mainly found in a Monarchy form of government. Neolithic Revolution… people began to farm and domesticate animals Polytheistic… belief in many gods Monotheistic… belief in one God B.C. and A.D. Before Christ & in the year of our Lord (Anno Domini) B.C.E. and C.E. Before Common Era & Common Era Constititution… written laws used to govern a state; “law of the land” Polis… Greek city states; city and the farmlands surrounding it. Has its own government, laws, military Democratic… favor the equality of all people Oligarchy… government in which a few people rule Monarchy… country ruled by a king of a queen; hereditary Tyranny… unjust use of power seized by one person Mythology… stories that were told to explain the mysteries of life; popular in Greece Century… groups of 100 Plebeians… poor, lower class citizens of ancient Rome Patrician… oldest and wealthiest citizens in ancient Rome How did the Neolithic Revolution change life for humans? People went from hunting and gathering to farming; people began to settle down into cities –specialization occurs. Cradles of Civilization? where people first settled and farmed along the Nile R. (Egypt), Tigris/Euphrates R. (Mesopotamia), Indus R. (Pakistan/India) and the Huang He (China) River Valleys and their civilizations? where people settled in order to be close to a water source, a food source, protection, transportation, irrigation and fertile soil Hammurabi’s Code? One of the first large code of law; it was to be fair and just in order for society to function Advantages of trade? 1) gain products your country does not have 2) helps a country’s economy 3) cultural diffusion- culture and ideas are traded along with tangible goods (products). Explain what was traded in Ghana and the way these items were traded? gold from Ghana was traded for salt (from North Africa) by silent barter; cultural diffusion also took place How geography influenced civilizations? 1. Rivers a. b. c. d. e. f. fertile soil from flooding water source for daily uses food source transportation irrigation Protection 2. Mountains/Valley a. communication/ transportation difficult b. natural barriers c. farming is difficult in mountains How geography influenced civilizations? 3. Climate 1. Temperatures affect what crops can be grown 2. Temperatures affect the length of the growing season 3. Rain/dry affects farming 4. Deserts 1. limits farming 2. creates a need for irrigation 3. natural barrier for protection 4. limits travel and communication Achievements of Mesopotamia? earliest known civ., irrigation, the wheel, the plow, cuneiform writing, sailboat, 1st to write down laws Achievements of Shang? China along the Huang He, used oracle bones, bronze sculpture, silk Achievements of Egypt? pyramids, mummification, papyrus paper, mathematics, medicine, geometry, calendar, ink, Achievements of Indus/Harappans? Indus R. Valley; planned communities, cotton, sanitation pipes Achievements of Hebrews? First Monotheistic religion; God was just, therefore people should be just Achievements of Minoans? ancient Crete; indoor plumbing, bull leaping, frescoes Achievements of Greeks? mythology, philosophy, science, engineering, physics, type of gov’t (democracy), etc Explain the differences between Sparta and Athens? Sparta: military at age 7 gov’t-oligarchy strong army did not farm or trade did not support the arts Athens: school at age 7 gov’t- democracy strong navy did farm and trade did support the arts The “Golden Age” of Greece? 700BC -400 BC; period of time when the Greeks made great contributions to the sciences and to the arts including the great philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Purpose of Greek Mythology? told to explain the mysteries of life; Greek gods and goddesses Differences between America’s democracy and democracy in Athens? America Athenian Representative-vote on one person Direct –all citizens directly vote to represent you in government Citizenship is not as limited Citizenship is limited to free males over 18 Who fought in the Punic Wars and why were they fought? Rome and Carthage in North Africa fight over trade routes and ports along the Mediterranean Sea; in a series of three wars, Rome defeats Carthage every time and permanently destroys Carthage. What change occurred to farming in Rome after the Punic Wars? Small farms sold to create large estates, farmers moved to cities where there were no jobs, farmers sold their votes to make money since there were no jobs. Who was Julius Caesar and why is he famous? Dictator of Rome whom the Senate felt wanted to make himself king so they assassinated him. He also reformed the Republic to make lasting change for the Plebeians. What is a triumvirate and what type of government is it? Three (3) rulers of Rome; it is a type of oligarchy What changes brought down the Roman Republic? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Government taxed the Plebeians. Plebeian farms destroyed b/c of Punic wars. Plebeians farmers gave up their land and headed to the city. City full of disease, lack of jobs, lack of proper sanitation. Poor got poorer, rich got richer. Goods got bought overseas for cheaper prices. Large estates created by Patricians (from Plebeian land) worked by slaves. Government corruption (buying and selling of votes)