Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
World History II 1500 A.D. to the Present SOL Review Major states and empires in the Eastern Hemisphere • England • France • Spain • Russia • Ottoman Empire • Persia • China (Ming) • Mughal India • Songhai Empire 2a Major Empires of the Western Hemisphere • Aztec • Inca Western Hemisphere 2a Major World Powers of the 1500s Name and Dates Location Achievements Aztec Mesoamerica Built pyramids and developed a pictorial written language England Most of the British Isles The Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights were foundations for democracy French France, the Americas, Africa and Asia Defeated the English in the Hundred Years’ War Spanish Empire Spain, the Americas, and Asia The first to explore the Americas and establish colonies Russia Russia and the Ukraine Ousted the Mongols and preserved the Eastern Orthodox religion Ming China Reclaimed China from the Mongols and established a period of isolationism Holy Roman Western and central Europe Inca South America Built a vast empire linked by an extensive road system Mughal India Built the Taj Mahal Ottoman Turkey, North Africa, Southwest Asia, Southeast Europe Became the world's most powerful empire in the 1500s and 1600s and built architectural masterpieces. Songhai West Africa Gained control of trans-Saharan trade routes and built a thriving empire 2a Mr. Habeeb’s Religion Map 2c Five World Religions Judaism • Monotheism • Ten Commandments of moral and religious conduct • Torah: Written records and beliefs of the Jews 15a Christianity • • • • Monotheism Jesus as Son of God Life after death New Testament: Life and teachings of Jesus • Establishment of Christian doctrines by early church councils Islam • Monotheism • Muhammad, the prophet • Qur’an (Koran) • Five Pillars of Islam • Mecca and Medina Five World Religions continued Buddhism • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Four Noble Truths • Eightfold Path to Enlightenment • Spread of Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia, resulting from Asoka’s missionaries and their writings Hinduism • Many forms of one God • Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma • Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences Trade Routes A. trans-Sahara (gold, salt) B. Western Europe Rhine River/Mediterranean C. Northern Europe to Black Sea (Danube River) D. Silk Road: (spices, silk, porcelain) E. maritime routes in Indian Ocean (textiles, spices) F. South China Sea (spices) Importance of Trade Routes Trade leads to cultural diffusion Cultural diffusion = spread of culture (ideas, etc.) Europeans benefited from cultures they met when trading Country/Region Good China Porcelains and silks India/Indian Ocean and Region Spices and textiles Eastern Europe Amber Western Europe Textiles Africa Salt and gold 2d,e Country/Region Good China Printing and paper currency India Advances in medicine and mathematics Southwest Asia Islam and mathematics The Renaissance “Rebirth” of classical knowledge; “birth” of the modern world Accomplishments in the visual arts: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci Accomplishments in intellectual ideas (humanism): Erasmus Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays, essays): Shakespeare 2b A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. Erasmus From looking at this map, what country did the Renaissance start in? 1495-1497 CE What is the name of this work and who painted it? Where is the location of this fresco and who painted it? The Reformation The root word of Reformation is REFORM, meaning to change. Many people throughout Europe were not happy with the Church in Rome. Merchants did not like the Church's policy on usury, or money lending. German, English, and Italian nobility did not like the authority over economies and governing. In addition, corruption and the sale of indulgences (pardons) angered others. The Reformation was a movement of opposition to the Church. As a result of the Reformation, the Catholic Church lost its authority over parts of Europe. New churches, known as Protestant, were started. And it all started with this guy… • Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God • Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church ? Reformers Martin Luther In the 1400s, people could give money as a way of lessening their punishment for sins. Martin Luther, a monk and a teacher, believed that this “selling of indulgences” was wrong. In 1517, he published his views in a list called the Ninety-five Theses. These ideas were printed and spread throughout Europe, starting the Reformation. Luther believed that people won salvation through faith, not good works. John Calvin Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement Like father, like daughter King of England, Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church when the pope refused to grant him an annulment from his wife. The Anglican church that he started kept many Catholic beliefs but not the authority of the pope. Following the death of Henry VIII, one of his daughters, Elizabeth became queen in 1558 and completed the task of creating a separate English Church (Anglican Church). New laws gave the new religion traits that would appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. In this way, Elizabeth hoped to end religious conflict in England. In 1588, England defeated the Spanish Armada and the threat of Catholic Spain. •Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states. •The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church. •Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War). The Reformation in Germany Look closely at this map. What problems do you think could occur based off of the location of Catholic and Protestant communities? Conflicts between French Protestants, called Huguenots, and Catholics often turned violent. In 1572, mobs killed around 12,000 Huguenots. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots the right to live and worship in France. However, it would later be revoked The Thirty Years’ War …was another conflict between Catholics and Protestants. Wanting to strengthen France’s position in Europe, Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict. Counter Reformation: The Catholic Church Reformed Its SINS S. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) tried to bring people back to the Catholic Church (started by Ignatius Loyola) I. Inquisition: church court set up to punish protestant heretics N. No more indulgences S. Stop spread of Protestants: 30 Years' War Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies • Growth of secularism • Growth of individualism • Eventual growth of religious tolerance What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas? What generalizations can you make from this map? Role of the printing press • Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. • The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. • These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance. Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere •Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe •Support for the diffusion of Christianity •Political and economic competition between European empires •Innovations of European and Islamic origins in navigational arts •Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator FOR GOLD, GOD, and GLORY! • GOLD! (WEALTH! ) – New spices in Europe (introduced during the Crusades) = demand for the spices. – Europeans wanted to cut out the middle man ! – Europeans try to find new trade routes because they want new sources of wealth. Muslims sold Spices to Italians for lots of $ Europe buys it for a higher price Italians sell it to Europe for MORE $$$ Significant Explorers and Conquistadors Explorer Country Accomplishment Christopher Columbus Spain 1492: Columbus, an Italian found the Americas during an attempt to find a new route to Asia Vasco da Gama Portugal Sailing around Africa, he found “da” route to India Hernando Cortes Spain 1519: He went to Mexico and defeated the powerful Aztec Empire Ferdinand Magellan Spain 1519: Began a voyage that successfully circumnavigated the earth by 1522. Magellan, unfortunately was killed in the Philippines in 1521. Francisco Pizarro Spain 1533: Pizarro defeated the great Incan Empire in South America Jacques Cartier France 1534: Sought a northwest passage to Asia. He came across and named the St. Lawrence River and founded Montreal Francis Drake England From 1577 to 1580, he was the second to sail around the world and the first from England to do so One motive for exploration was to spread the Christian religion. Migration of colonists to new lands Means of Diffusion of Christianity Influence of Catholic and Protestant colonists, who carried their faith, language, and cultures to new lands. Conversion of indigenous peoples Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural and social patterns. Americas Asia •Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America • Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) •Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires • Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British) •Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America •Forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved Africa •Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent countries • European trading posts along the coast • Trade in slaves, gold, and other resources The Columbian Exchange Impact of the Columbian Exchange On the Americas • Plantation system and slavery developed to grow cash crops. This system was harmful to people and to the environment. • Disease claimed the lives of over 20 million Native Americans • New methods of agriculture resulted from the introduction of livestock and different crops • Horses improved transportation On Europe, Asia, and Africa • Potatoes, sweet potatoes, and corn became important parts of people’s diets. As a result, people lived longer and populations increased. • Europeans profited from new trade patterns. They controlled the sea routes. • Europeans and other groups in the Eastern Hemisphere adapted cultural practices from other regions of the world. Triangular Trade The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded. Export of precious metals • Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia • Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas • Impact on Spain and international trade The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople. Development of the Ottoman Empire • Capitol at Constantinople renamed Istanbul • Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions • Trade in coffee and ceramics Originally located in Asia Minor The Ottoman Empire • • • Originally located in Asia Minor, Ottoman territory eventually expanded into: Southwest Asia Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula North Africa The Mughal Empire Located in North India Contributions of the Mughal Empire: • Spread of Islam into India • Art and Architecture • Establishment of European Trading outposts • Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal • Influence of Indian Textiles on British textile industry Mughal Art The Taj Mahal was built by Mughal ruler Shah Jahan as a memorial to his dead wife. Southern India • Most of Southern India remained independent – not under Mughal control. • Southern India traded spices, silks, and gems Europeans in the East China and Japan China and Japan sought to limit the influence and activities of European merchants. How did they do this and Why? China • Creation of foreign enclaves (areas) to control trade. • Imperial policy of controlling foreign influence and trade • Increase in European demand for Chinese goods (porcelain and tea) Japan • Powerless emperor controlled by a military leader “shogun” • Adopted a policy of isolation to limit foreign influence Africa Imports Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas New food products such as corn and peanuts Exports Slaves (triangular trade) Raw materials such as ivory and gold Mercantilism European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources, creating new economic practices, such as mercantilism, linking European nations with their colonies. Mercantilism is an economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become selfsufficient. Based on this theory, colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country. The Commercial Revolution New money and banking systems were created Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved. The Commercial Revolution Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country Scientific Revolution (17th century) – A New Way to Think About the World The Scientific Revolution?!? How did we get here? Medieval/Renaissance (13th-16th)– renewed focus on self and humanity over the collective view of the Church/God. What is the common thread here? How will this lead to a scientific revolution? Reformation (16th-17th)– rejection of the Church in favor of an individual interpretation of the Bible, vernacular over Latin, personal piety over collective piety Age of Exploration (15th-18th) – individual European explorers brave the unknown/open seas to “discover” new worlds Johannes Kepler – planetary motion ellipses Nicolaus Copernicus – heliocentric model Scientific Revolution Galileo – used telescope to prove heliocentric model emphasis on reason observation of nature laws scientific method Harvey – circulation of blood, heart = pump Newton – gravity With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the scientific revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it. Effects: 1. emphasis on reason 2. focus on nature 3. adoption of the scientific method to solve all problems 4. expansion of scientific knowledge Absolutism • Absolutism (absolute monarchs) • Absolute = Total (ALL!) Power • Characteristics of absolute monarchs – Centralization of power – Concept of rule by divine right – authority to rule comes directly from GOD! Question: Can anyone disagree with an absolute monarch? Why? Two Absolute Monarchs Louis XIV Peter the Great France Louis XIV – Sun-King Absolute Monarch –“L’etat, c’est moi.” –“I am the State.” – State = Gov’t Question: What does this mean? Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles- a symbol of royal power and wealth Peter the Great – Absolute monarchy in Russia • Czar = Caesar = Absolute monarch • Peter the Great – unhappy about the differences between Russia (east) and the major Western powers (France, England, Prussia) • Program of westernization – make Russia more like the West Peter the Great: ruled 1699-1725 Peter tries to Westernize… Peter takes a trip to Western European monarchies in 1697-1698…. Peterhof St. Petersburg Peter the Great conquers part of Finland to gain a port on the Baltic Sea Peterhof = copy of Versailles, symbol of royal power Know these Five Things 1. Absolutism, or absolute monarchy, is the total control of government by one individual, generally according to divine-right theory (individual receives authority to rule from God). 2. Louis XIV, the Sun-King and absolute monarch, declared that “I am the State,” and led France to a financially-challenged empire, but a worldwide empire. 3. Louis XIV built the palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power. 4. Peter the Great copied the model of absolutism throughout Western Europe to make the Russian tsar an absolute monarch. 5. Peter the Great built the Russian empire through the process of westernization, by which he threw out traditional Russian social, political, philosophical ideas in favor of Western ideas. Development of the rights of Englishmen Political democracy rests on the principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed. The foundations of English rights include the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen. A quick review of the English Monarchy Elizabeth I • • • • • Daughter of Henry VIII Anglican Church Tolerance for dissenters Expansion and colonialism Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588) Henry VIII • Once known as the Defender of the Faith • Broke away from the Catholic Church because he needed a divorce • Started his own Church in England James I • Became King of England after the death of Elizabeth I • Frequently argued with Parliament When James I died his son, Charles I became the King of England, poor fellow did not have a bright future ahead of him. Charles I would be forced to sign the Petition of Right which: • • • • • Limited the King’s power Could not imprison subjects without due cause Could not levy taxes Could not house soldiers in private homes Could not impose martial law in peace time Charles I would ignore the Petition and eventually ignite the English Civil War The English Civil War was basically a power struggle between the English monarchy beginning with James I of the Stuart dynasty and Parliament. When the war broke out, a Puritan leader led Parliament’s troops (known as the Roundheads) against the Cavaliers or supporters of King Charles I. CavaliersSupporters of the King Roundheads: Supporters of Parliament and Oliver Cromwell Things were not what the English people thought they would be after the defeat and execution of Charles I. After Parliament’s victory in the war, Oliver Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector” for a series of years. His rule was dictatorial and he did not have a clear successor. When he died the Stuart dynasty was restored with a king sometimes known as the “Merry Monarch.” Restoration: England restores its Monarchy…a Merry Monarch • Charles II named king, he is the son of Charles I • Restored theater, sporting events, and dancing…all things that Cromwell did not allow. Charles II dies Parliament debated who should inherit Charles’ throne Whigs and Tories • 1st Political Parties • Whigs opposed James II • Tories supported him James II (brother to Charles II) was an unpopular King who was an open and devout Catholic and made religion a cause of conflict between the Parliament and the King. When James and his second wife had a son in 1688, a group of English noblemen asked the Dutch leader, (along with his wife) to invade England. (his wife was James II’s Protestant daughter). James II fled the country, and with almost no bloodshed, The king and queen assumed the throne. And who is this famous couple ? William and Mary When Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary, William and Mary had to agree to sign a document which laid out specific rights of Parliament and placed limits on royal power. The Enlightenment Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas. Stimulated religious tolerance Fueled democratic revolutions around the world The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas. Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled the American and French Revolutions. Enlightenment Thinkers Thinker Thomas Hobbes John Locke Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau Voltaire Writing Leviathan Ideas Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection. Two Treatises on Government People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The Spirit of Laws The best form of government includes a separation of powers. The Social Contract Government is a contract between rulers and the people. Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state. France before the Revolution Old Regime 3 estates (classes) • 1st Estate: Catholic Church (rich!) • 2nd Estate: Nobility (rich!) • 3rd Estate: 97% of population King Louis XVI Queen Marie Antoinette Causes of the French Revolution 1. Influence of Enlightenment ideas 2. Influence of the American Revolution The French Revolution was largely caused by belief in Enlightenment ideals and inspired by the success of the American Revolution, but the French people also revolted due to the inequality of the Estate system, the weakness of the French monarch, and the collapse of the French economy. Events of the French Revolution Storming of the Bastille – July 14, 1789 Reign of Terror – July 1793-July 1794 Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 French peasants and members of the lower class storm the Bastille to gain weapons Bastille = French prison and armory David – The Death of Marat (1793) Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre -- terrorist • Triggered by the death of Marat • Committee of Public Safety (they really were not about public safety) • Executed “enemies” of the Revolution • Led by Maximilien Robespierre • July 1793-July 1794 • Ended when Robespierre himself executed by endangered followers July 28, 1794 Rise of Napoleon End of absolute monarchy – Louis XVI executed Effects of the French Revolution Rise of nationalism More democracy Increase in secular (nonreligious) society Napoleon David – Consecration of Napoleon and Coronation of Josephine (1806-07) The Coronation of Napoleon Napoleon’s Legacy… 1. Tried to unify all of Europe 2. Napoleonic Code 3. The growth of Nationalism Napoleon’s Legacy was like T.N.T Similar Map on page 525 Atlas pages The Napoleonic Code, 1804 The Napoleonic Code included a clear set of laws applicable to all members of French Society. The Code would also be introduced into other parts of Europe conquered by Napoleon. Among other things, the Code stated that: – All people were declared equal before the law. – Trial by jury was guaranteed. – Religious Freedom was guaranteed. Napoleon’s Legacy… 1. Tried to unify all of Europe 2. Napoleonic Code 3. The growth of Nationalism Napoleon’s Legacy was like T.N.T The Growth of Nationalism • Nationalism: refers to love of one’s country American Revolution, French Revolution, Declaration of the Rights of Man The same ideals that had been fought for in America and France, now appeared in the places Napoleon conquered. Failed to unify Europe Napoleonic Code Effects of Napoleon Rise of nationalism Congress of Vienna (1815) Tries to put Europe back together Latin American revolts independence Know these Five Things 1. The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 started the French Revolution, and the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 demonstrated how the radicals took over the French Revolution, and executed members of the nobility and monarchy. 2. The five major outcomes of the French Revolution were the end of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI by guillotine, the rise of Napoleon, the increase in secular society, the rise of nationalism throughout Europe, and the increased amount of democratic ideas spreading throughout Europe. 3. Despite Napoleon’s unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under France’s control, he created the Napoleonic Code and awakened nationalism throughout Europe. 4. As an effect of the American and French Revolutions, England, France, Spain, and Portugal lost colonies throughout the Americas. Democratic revolutions in Latin America included the slave revolt of Toussaint L’Ouverture in Haiti and the moderate revolt of Simon Bolivar in South America. 5. Art can be begin and sustain revolutions, but above all, art can be used to illustrate the political and social values of its era. Artists and their works The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries brought many changes in the arts, literature, and political philosophy. The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation. New schools of art and forms of literature Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits). New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel. Technologies All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade. New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution). Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport. One famous painting is… Liberty Leading the People Eugene Delacroix – actually from the Revolution of 1830, but the idea is the same. Author: Cervantes Wrote Don Quixote Composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Classical composer Johann Sebastian Bach Baroque composer 5 Things to Know about the Congress of Vienna 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe to pre-revolutionary political and social concepts with a “balance of power,” legitimacy (restoration of absolute monarchies), creation of buffer states, and a new political map of Europe was also created. The rise of national pride (nationalism) from resistance to Napoleon, popular frustration with the conservative decisions of the Congress of Vienna, economic competition between European countries, and an increase in democratic ideals led to an increase in the desire for democratic revolutions and liberalism throughout Europe. The failure of democratic revolutions in 1848 throughout Europe created increased political and social tension between the forces of conservatism and liberalism. Conservatism is the pro-stability, pro-absolutism, pro-aristocracy, antidemocracy, anti-revolution movement defined by people like Metternich and events like the Congress of Vienna; Liberalism is the pro-democracy, prorevolution, anti-monarchy movement to expand political rights for the everyday citizen of Europe. Great Britain successfully expanded political rights through new laws and made slavery illegal during the mid-19th century to prevent democratic revolutions. 8a, b Revolutions in Latin America Latin American revolutions of the nineteenth century were influenced by the clash of European cultures in the development of governments and ruling powers. Spanish conquests in Latin America saw the rapid decline of native populations and introduction of slaves from Africa. Conquistadors were given governmental authority by the crown, becoming known as viceroys. Revolutions in Latin America The American and French Revolutions took place in the late 1700s. Within twenty years, the ideas and examples of these revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations, most notably in Haiti and Mexico. Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority. •Havana •Mexico City •Lima •São Paulo •Buenos Aires Conquistadors viceroys Influence of the Enlightenment, American Revolution and French Colonial cities control colony Causes of the Latin American Revolutions Rise of nationalism The Catholic Church had a strong influence on the development of the colonies. Creoles have no political rights Social Hierarchy, one of rigid class structure Europeans living in the New World peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattoes Imported slaves conquered peoples Creoles = born in the Americas of European parents Mestizos = gradually gaining more power over time Important Leaders in the Latin American Revolutions Simon Bolivar-South America Native-born resident who led revolutionary efforts. He liberated the northern areas of Latin America. Important Leaders in the Latin American Revolutions Toussaint L’Ouverture-Haiti Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French. He defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain. Toussaint L’Ouverature-Haiti Important Leaders in the Latin American Revolutions Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement. Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies. C. Locations of selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s Mexico Haiti Colombia Venezuela Brazil A. E B. D The Monroe Doctrine What does this quote mean? “. . .that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . .” The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. Italy and Germany became nation-states long after the rest of Europe. Giuseppe Garibaldi – Unifies Southern Italy Unites w/North (Baldi = South) Count Cavour – unifies Northern Italy (Cavour = North) Unification of Italy Papal States join last (1870) (why?) Nationalism + Liberalism = Unification Unification of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi Southern Italy Count Cavour • Gained control of Northern Italy for Sardinia • Allied with France to expel the Austrians • Brilliant diplomat Red Shirts Nationalist rebels in Southern Italy Agrees to join the North under the rule of King Victor Emanuel II Unification of Germany – • 39 German states made up the German Confederation • Prussia was the most powerful Germanic state in central Europe Otto von Bismarck – Realpolitik Iron and Blood – Bismarck uses industry/war + nationalism Unification of Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870) Nationalism + Conservatism = Unification Unification of Germany • • • Wilhelm I is the King of Prussia Otto von Bismarck named prime minister Realpolitik – “the politics of reality” – Justifies all means to achieve and hold power – Similar to Machiavelli, absolutism “The questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or by majority decisions…but by iron and blood.” Iron and Blood • • • Otto Von Bismarck Sets out to unify the Germanic states (he’s “going to pick a fight” War with Denmark Seven Weeks War 1866 (vs. Austria) – Prussia gains control of Northern Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870) – Some southern German states independent – War with France would cause them to join Germany – Bismarck doctored a telegram to insult France – July 19, 1870 war declared by France – Now Bismarck can declare war on France without seeming to be the aggressor (gains sympathy with the rest of Europe) Franco-Prussian War (1870) • Germany whips France • Capture Napoleon III & 80,000 men at Sedan – Paris finally surrenders after 3 month siege – France to pay Germany $1 Billion Marks – Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany – France is bitter