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Respiratory System: A Breath of Fresh Air What is Cystic Fibrosis? • Hereditary disease affecting mucus glands of lungs, liver, pancreas & intestines • This recessive disease causes mucus buildup in respiratory airways • Leads to lung and sinus disease since bacteria that normally inhabit the thick mucus grow out of control and cause pneumonia. • Leads to multisystem failure- although patients usually die in the 20s and 30s due to lung failure • Lung transplantation is often necessary as it gets worse • In addition, people with CF often develop clubbing of their fingers and toes due to the effects of chronic illness and low oxygen in their tissues. Clubbed fingers Fluids • A fluid is a substance that has no defined form and can flow in all directions. ALL LIQUIDS AND GASES ARE FLUIDS! • If fluids are compressible, their volume DECREASES when a force is applied to it. ex: gases, like air, are compressible •If a fluid is incompressible, the volume cannot be decreased by adding force to it ex: liquids, like water, are incompressible Air composition Air is a fluid and it is a mixture of: • 78% Nitrogen • 21% Oxygen • 1% trace gases, such as Argon, Neon, Carbon dioxide, Helium, Methane, Hydrogen and water vapor Why do we need Oxygen? • If the brain goes without oxygen for four minutes, it can be permanently damaged. • Oxygen is used for cellular respiration, turning glucose into energy for the cells (oxidation reaction!!) Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ENERGY •When you exhale, you release carbon dioxide and water vapor Purpose of Respiratory System 1) Provide the body with Oxygen 2) Provide a transfer site for Oxygen into the blood stream to be circulated throughout the body. 3) Eliminate Carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory Airways What do they do? 1. Take in air 2. Warm up and moisten air 3. Remove foreign particles from the air Anatomy of the Respiratory System The 6 main parts: 1. Nasal Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchial tubes (Bronchi & Bronchioles) 6. Lungs (Alveoli) Nasal Cavity Function: • Filters, warms, and moistens air as it enters • It also contains FOUR SINUSES Respiratory Defense… … against Foreign Particles: 1. Nostril hair 2. Mucus in the respiratory tract 3. Cilia in the trachea and bronchial tubes Pharynx Function: • Handles air between nasal cavity and trachea • Also contains the Tonsils Larynx • Made of cartilage • Also called the Adam’s Apple or voice box because it holds the vocal chords • The Epiglottis is found at the top of the larynx Trachea • Function: • Has cilia which filters particles in the air. Bronchial Tubes • Made up of cartiliginous rings, like the trachea • Function: Filter particles in the air. Lungs Function: 1. Remove Oxygen (O2) from the air and put it into the bloodstream 2. Remove Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream and release it into the atmosphere. Lungs Function: • Alveoli are thin, permeable sacs which are the functional units of the lungs- this is where gas exchange takes place. • They are made up of a SINLGE LAYER OF CELLS! • There are 300 million in each lung! Alveolar Network looks like an upside down tree! Gas Exchange For this to happen, we need 2 things: • Diffusion: movement from an area of higher concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration. • Selectively permeable membrane: a membrane that only allows certain substances to pass through. Gas Exchange Lower concentration of CO2 Lower Concentration of O2 Selectively-permeable membrane Clip: The Respiratory System Breathing Pressure and breathing • When air pressure is low, it becomes more difficult to breathe • Pressure is the measurement of force exerted on a surface (P in pascals)= Force (in Newtons) Area of surface (in meters2) 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa 101.3 kPa = 760 mm of Hg = 1 atm •Since air is made up of matter, it has mass and can exert force •The fewer air particles, the less force is exerted, the smaller the air pressure •This makes it hard to breathe • Relationship between Pressure and applied Force : As the force increases, pressure increases • Relationship between Pressure and Area: As area increases, pressure decreases Bed of Nails!! Back to Fluids… • Compressible fluids, like air, can decrease in volume when pressure increases. This is because force increases. • Fluids like to move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. • Think of what happens when you breathe: inhaling causes a decrease in pressure, allowing air to enter lungs • Exhaling causes an increase in pressure, pushing air out You are squeezing the particles of air closer together every time you exhale Mechanism for inspiration (inhaling) and Expiration (exhaling) Inspiration Expiration Intercostal muscles contract, ribs move out and up Diaphragm contracts, moves down Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move in and down Volume of chest cavity (thorax) and lungs increases Intrapulmonic pressure decreases causing air to enter lungs Volume of chest cavity (thorax) and lungs decreases Intrapulmonic pressure increases, causing air to exit lungs Diaphragm relaxes, moves up Tobacco Effects: • Deterioration of the respiratory system resulting in diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. • Cardiovascular diseases characterized by damage to the heart and blood vessels. Tobacco Changes in blood composition: • Level of carbon monoxide, a toxic gas, increases- it binds readily with red blood cells, thus a loss of binding sites for O2 so transportation of O2 to the cells is greatly reduced. And… Lung Cancer • Estimates suggest that tobacco causes at least 40% of all types of cancer and at least 90% of all cases of lung cancer • Bottom line: Tobacco reduces life expectancy Smoking and pregnancy Essentially, what the woman breathes, so does the baby. • So it can cause: • stillbirths, • premature babies, • spontaneous abortions • low weight babies • And neurological damage Air pollutants • • • • Carbon monoxide. Insecticides Gasoline fumes Sulphur dioxide = acid rain • Dust particles, soot and sand, can clog the alveoli as well. Improving Air Quality 1. Reduce the emissions of pollutants through legislation and the imposition of harsh fines. • Ban smoking in public spaces and tougher regulations for industry 2. Expand the number of green spaces in cities and protect those already in place.