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Pages 110-117 Stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Very hot and dry climate with little rainfall. Indo-European Migrations: 4m2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization” Although the land was dry, the land had very fertile soil (due to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) all throughout the Fertile Crescent, which includes Mesopotamia (present day Iraq). Contribution: Irrigation- Sumerians used technology to supply water from the rivers to their crops. Created new tools to help make farming faster and easier such as seed funnels attached to their plows. Independent state that includes a city and its surrounding territory. Developed because cities were separated by long stretches of desert land. Each city-state would barter with the others to supply their needs. Sumerian city-states had their own government, laws, and their own main god City-States were centers of trade for the area Traders traveled long distances to bring back supplies Important discovery in Sumer was bronze and could be used to make better tools and weapons. Trading systems were based on bartering Imports: wood/lumber, metal ores, precious stones Exports: barley, wheat, dates, cloth Rivers were the main road way for traders Barges Carts with wheels Sailing ships 3 classes Upper class ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Ruler Top officials Powerful priests Wealthy merchants Owners of large plots of land Middle class ▪ Farmers ▪ Skilled workers Lower class ▪ slaves Polytheism- Belief in more than one god. Each city state would have their own gods and goddess. They believed that they had to keep their gods happy or bad things would happen Sumerians believed only the priest could communicate with the gods Ziggurats- Sumerian temples that were large pyramid shape buildings to honor their gods. Priest lived in and ran the temples, including the farmland attached to the temples Ziggurat at Ur Temple “Mountain of the Gods” Sumerian Religion Polytheistic Enki Anthropomorphic Gods Contribution: Cuneiform- system of writing that uses triangular- shaped symbols to stand for ideas or things. (pressing wedge shapes into clay tablets) Bases for other writing systems throughout history. Used for record sales, taxes, and agreements but later used for stories as well. Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing Cuneiform Writing Deciphering Cuneiform Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House” Sumerian Cylinder Seals In early days, priest would select the leader of a city-state to lead the warriors into battle; after the battle then the leader was expected to give up his power, some did not Military leaders would become the first kings. Kings had to work with the priest to make sure they are pleasing the gods. In Sumer kings were selected by the gods though the priest Priest and Kings worked together to create religious ceremonies that supported royal power Took over many jobs once held by the priest Hired workers for temple, road, and canal building Served as city’s chief lawmaker ▪ Created codes of law ▪ 1st known – Ur-Nammu Law Code Laws about marriage, slavery, causing harm to others Judge Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur The Royal Standard of Ur Video Section 1 Quiz 1. The term Mesopotamia refers to which two rivers? a. Danube and Euphrates b. Nile and Danube c. Mississippi and Tigris d. Tigris and Euphrates 2. Another term for a city and the surrounding land it controls is a. city-state. b. empire. c. kingdom. d. nation-state. 3. The laws written by Ur-Nammu are an example of a. a law code. b. national control. c. a priestly text. d. a religious text. 4. Which of the following is a type of building? a. Gilgamesh b. pictographs c. polytheism d. ziggurat 5. Cuneiform is a type of a. clay tablet. b. mathematics. c. writing. d. wedge. Pages 118-123 Sumerian kings struggled for power and caused city-state to fight city-state During this struggle a new society arose in Mesopotamia – Akkadia (Akkadian people), they spoke a different language and had different customs from the Sumerians Their king was Sargon, he took control of a Sumerian city-state called Kish He placed loyal followers in positions of power and his own daughter as a priestess in Ur He united much of Mesopotamia under his rule creating the first empire – Akkadian Empire (for over 50 years Sargon ruled) Used cuneiform writing Had similar religious practices as the Sumerians Traded with people as far away as the Indus Valley (present day Pakistan) Akkadian Empire fell 100 years after Sargon’s death, back to the Sumerians under the rule of Ur-Nammu Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians] Ur-Nammu took back the Sumer empire from the Akkadians only to have the same issues again Ur was destroyed by rebels from the east Sumerian City-state began fighting again with other city-states Many groups invaded Sumer one was Amorites fro the north They took control of several Sumerian cities including Babylon In 1792 B.C. -Hammurabi became king of Babylon Over 30 years he worked to solidify his power and build his army Through a series of attacks on Mesopotamian city-states he was able to unite much of the south under his rule. Contribution- Hammurabi’s Code- set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire. Babylon was the crossroads in trade because it was the center of the Mesopotamian cities. Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World” Mesopotamian Harp Board Game From Ur The Babylonian Empires Hammurabi’s Code [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Hammurabi, the Judge 300 laws that were written down and organized to govern society Covered crimes such as robbery and murder Business contract Marriage Taxes divorce It set specific punishments for the various crimes Ex: “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.” These harsh punishments encouraged social order Different social classes received different punishments Ex: if you harmed someone from your own class then harsh punishment was given, if other person in lower class than lighter punishment was given Lives revolved around agriculture Growing and distribution of food Clear of canals for irrigation Collecting wool and creating textiles (cloth) Trading in the cities Artistry Stone and bronze sculptures Gold and precious stone jewelry Babylonian Math Babylonian Numbers After the death of Hammurabi the empire collapsed in 1750 B.C. Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires emerged Section 2 Quiz 1. A state containing several countries or territories is called a(n) a. city-state. b. empire. c. region. d. ally. 2. Sargon created the world’s first empire by conquering a. Hammurabi’s empire. b. Babylonian territory. c. Zagros warriors. d. Mesopotamian city-states. 3. The laws that Hammurabi issued are called Hammurabi’s a. Code. b. Demands. c. Justice. d. Laws. 4. Who was responsible for making Babylon the center of the Mesopotamian empire? a. the king of Umma b. Sargon c. Hammurabi d. Ur-Nammu 5. The Akkadians’ and Sumerians’ use of the cuneiform system of writing is an example of a shared a. rule of law. b. cultural trait. c. government. d. language Pages 124-131 Assyrians became fierce warriors due to the constant attacks from invaders after the fall of Babylonia Assyria’s army had the world’s earliest cavalry, used iron weapons (a skilled learned from the Hittites of Asia Minor) and tools Built large and strong military state mid 800s B.C. (within 200 years it was an empire) From Persian Gulf in north, throughout the Fertile Crescent and southwest into Egypt Was divided into 70 smaller units called provinces to be governed by a governor that reported to the King Ashurbanipal King built a library and filled it with cuneiform tablets Text and letters from Sumer and Babylonia on law, literature, mathematics, and science 20,000 of these tablets survived to present day After King Ashurbanipal’s death civil war and enemy attacks weakened the Assyrian Empire In 604 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar II, became king of Babylon He stretched his power and kingdom (NeoBabylonian) to Egypt Captured Jerusalem – destroying many Jewish temples Nebuchadnezzar Built great walls, gates, and temples ▪ Most famous is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon By 539 B.C., Babylon and the rest of Mesopotamia fell under the control of the Persian Empire By 550 B.C. Cyrus the Great led the Persians to victory over the Medes (the group that ruled the Persians from the North) Cyrus had won a large empire and began dreaming of an even larger one He began in Asia Minor and took present day Turkey and pushed south to Ionia (led by the Greeks) He had a permanent army of 10,000 elite soldiers known as the “Immortals” Babylon grew into the wealthiest province in the Persian empire He treated his people well and allowed them to keep their own customs (allowed the Jewish people back into Jerusalem) He died in battle in 530 B.C. After Cyrus’s death – his son Cambyses II took power Moved troops into NE Africa and conquered Egypt Traveled South to capture Kush – but failed Marched on with his Persian army into desert; soldiers had to kill their pack animals for food many died before Cambyses II gave up this march Darius took the throne by force after Cambyses’s death Persia continued to grow larger – ruled to the east in the Indus Valley Persia had many cultures within its empire Darius allowed local people some control over their own government He divided his empire into Satrapies (Provinces) and gave each a leader Each leader selected local laws, traditions, and were allowed to make decisions for their area Each Satrapies had to pay a tribute based off its wealth to Darius – using gold coin currency Darius built roads across the empire for trade and travel 1,500 mile long Great Royal Road for the postal stations Around 600 BC, a Persian man named Zoroaster taught that there was one supreme god Ahura Mazda His teachings brought about the religion of Zoroastrianism- the official religion of Persian empire Sacred text was Avesta – included prayers, hymns, and writings Central belief – universe is in a state of struggle between good an evil and all must work for good Existence of afterlife Latter influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Carved stone seals – showed owners mark Sculptures of humans Relief sculptures – scenes sculpted on walls, columns, stele Hammurabi’s Code – was a placed on a stele in the center of the city Assyrians created large colorful reliefs on the sides of buildings Ishtar Gate Section 3 Quiz 1. What do cavalry soldiers do? a. fire cannons b. fix chariots c. march in formation d. ride horses 2. What was a new technology used by the Assyrians? a. farming b. glass blowing c. ironwork d. resettling conquered peoples 3. What is a permanent force of professional soldiers called? a. charioteers b. “the Immortals” c. special forces d. standing army 4. Payment made to show loyalty to a stronger power is called a. a seal. b. taxes. c. tribute. d. currency. 5. What is a stele? a. a cylinder seal b. colorful tiles c. a stone slab d. a ziggurat garden Pages 132-137 Fearless sailors the traded goods through ocean waters Phoenician society developed from earlier Canaanites (lived in present day – Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria) Egypt had a large influence on Canaan, they even controlled part of it till around 1150 BC Rulers of Phoenician city –states were priest/kings Priest/Kings shared power with leading merchant families and a citizen assembly Geography – Lebanon Mountains (heavy forest) form the eastern border; little flat land for farming; Mediterranean Sea to the west Export products – weavers of cloth made with a rare purple dye made from tiny sea snails; pottery, glass, metal objects; wood furniture; pine and cedar logs; wine; olive oil; fish; salt Import products – raw materials (gold, silver, tin, copper, iron, ivory, precious stones) Expert navigators – wind patterns and ocean currents Thought to be the first people to use the North star to guide their voyages Traveled along the North African coast, around the Mediterranean Sea, through the tip of Iberia and into the Atlantic Ocean and up to the British coast Phoenician sailors set up colonies in coastal inlets where fertile soil was found After the Assyrians attack in the 800s BC, many Phoenicians moved to the colonies A few colonies developed into wealthy city-states _ Carthage on the North African coast Greece and Rome absorbed key elements of Phoenician culture through cultural diffusion Helped with the spread of ideas throughout this region Alphabet – before the Phoenicians cuneiform was the written language, they developed an alphabet of small letter sets and symbols (22 total) – consonant sounds Greeks added to this alphabet – vowels Romans made more changes and the result was similar to what we have today Section 4 Quiz 1. The goods made and shipped by Phoenicians to other lands are called a. tribute. b. resources. c. exports. d. imports. 2. Goods brought into a country are called a. exports. b. imports. c. natural resources. d. raw materials. 3. Fertile land that attracted Phoenician farmers grew into a. trade routes. b. colonies. c. city-states. d. territories. 4. What city was originally a Phoenician colony? a. Rome b. Athens c. Carthage d. Sumer 5. The Phoenicians developed a new way of writing known as a. an alphabet. b. a glyph system. c. cuneiform. d. wedge shapes. http://curriculum.media.pearsoncmg.com/curriculum/humanities/socialstudies/mgss_2 012/history_survey/ancient_near_east/fertile_crescent/resources/fertile_crescent_en_s ummary.html http://curriculum.media.pearsoncmg.com/curriculum/humanities/socialstudi es/mgss_2012/history_survey/ancient_near_east/fertile_crescent/resources/f ertile_crescent_hiphop.html http://www.teachertube.com/video/ancient-mesopotamia-song-bymr-nicky-271381