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Human Motivation Chapter 7 Drug Use and Drug Addiction Evolutionary Considerations o Reward pathway system = dopaminergic system = dopamine system = pleasure-seeking system gives rise to feelings of euphoria (high, buzz, rush) Not just a pleasure system, but is important for learning wide range of survival behaviors. Provides pleasure when we eat and do all things that are adaptive. Basic Terms and Concepts Drug addiction: state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug Substance abuse: the tendency to use a substance to excess; any tendency to use substances indiscriminately without regard for our need to function as members of society. Psychoactive drug: affects mood, consciousness, or both; alters psychological functioning. Dependency: drug that produces addiction has altered normal body functions to such a degree that further doses of the drug are required to maintain a state of normal well-being; physiological. Basic Terms and Concepts Tolerance: need to use increasing amounts of a particular drug to obtain the same psychological effects. Withdrawal: the physiological and psychological symptoms that follow the cessation of drug use and intake; people continue to use drugs to avoid the negative symptoms. Craving: strong desire to ingest a drug or drugs and the preoccupation with obtaining and ingesting a drug or drugs. Preoccupation: the narrowing or focusing of attention and thought about how to obtain a drug or drugs and the pleasure that ingesting a drug or drugs will bring. Why People Become Addicted People are more likely to become addicted or use drugs/drink alcohol if they are trying to escape a noxious or aversive mood state (anxiety or depression), than if they are using drugs/drinking alcohol to enhance an already positive mood (seeking excitement) Avoidant motivation is more compelling than is approach motivation. Avoidant motivation often signals a threat to our survival. The Initial Motivation to Use Drugs Biological Component: Mood temperament: anxious or neurotic people are more likely to use drugs. Activity temperament: hyperactive children are more likely to use drugs than are normal children; impulsivity has been linked to drug use. Novelty-seeking temperament: need for varied, novel and complex sensations and experiences increases likelihood of drug use. The Initial Motivation to Use Drugs The Learned Component: Learned pattern of coping plays important role in drug use; those with less family support are more at risk. The Cognitive Component: Drug abuse tends to be linked to lack of selfcontrol. Why Drugs are Addictive Dopamine system: (Dopamine) Produces periods of euphoria (heroin, cocaine, marijuana, alcohol, nicotine). Produced by either increasing concentration of dopamine or blockage of re-uptakers. Opioid system: (Endorphins) Kills pain, alters mood, removes stress symptoms (heroin, morphine). Norepinephrine: Produces feelings of efficiency (cocaine, amphetamines). Heroin and Morphine The Biological Component: Produces euphoria and suppresses pain. The Learned Component: If a drug produces reinforcing effects in the presences of certain stimuli, those stimuli will become associated with internal state the drugs provide. Addicts may learn to use in order to reduce discomforts of withdrawal. The Cognitive Component: Addicts must learn new ways to manage emotions and fulfill their needs; most likely to give up addiction when make clear decision to. Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines The Biological Component: Produce feelings to euphoria, reduce feelings of fatigue, increase feelings of efficiency. The Learned Component: Evidence suggests dopaminergic activity can be conditioned. The Cognitive Component: The feelings and thoughts drug users experience are a large result of their expectations The Hallucinogenics: Cannabis and LSD The Biological Component: Stimulant or euphoric properties; distort perceptions of time and space. LSD also distorts sense modalities. The Learned Component: Dependency or craving does not appear to be major problem. The Cognitive Component: Ability to alter perception. Cannabis impairs motor and cognitive functions, as well. Nicotine The Biological Component: Activates dopamine/opioid overproduction systems; ability to arouse (small doses) and relax (larger doses). The Learned Component: Appears to be largely cued by the environment; heavy smokers cued more by internal factors, light smoker by external factors. The Cognitive Component: People need to become aware of their cues and habits in order to control their smoking. Alcohol The Biological Component: Stimulates dopaminergic and endorphin systems Low doses- stimulates the CNS; Moderate doses- depresses brain activity (disinhibition effect) Large doses- affects the cerebellum (motor impairment); temporarily increases blood glucose, decreases formation of glucose in liver, and accelerates deposition of fat in the liver; this gives rise to cirrhosis Link between alcohol abuse and depression. Depressant action of alcohol on the cortex produces state of disinhibition. Alcohol The Learned Component: Tendency to develop a drinking problem can be predicted by the amount that our companions drink and the extent to which our life revolves around drinking. People from dysfunctional families have great tendency towards addiction. Cultural and societal beliefs have influence over abuse. Basic aim of treating alcoholism is to teach addicts to restrict their drinking in certain situations. Alcohol The Cognitive Component: Expectations play an important role in the effects people experience with alcohol. Alcohol causes myopia- short-sighted information processing where people ignore certain information that would normally inhibit their behavior. Cultural beliefs regarding the effects of drugs and alcohol are reflected in the differences in the effects. Disease model of alcoholism links loss of control directly to the disease of alcoholism, not to cognitive variables. Drug Use Factors Factors influencing drug use include: Commitment to other activities Social class Peer and parental influences Culture and ethnicity A respect for the value of moderation The need to achieve The fear of failure The degree of alienation from society Quitting Addictions When people quit on their own, they are more likely to succeed. Factors linked to self-quitting: 1. Readiness to change. 2. Belief that one can quit. 3. Developing self-efficacy. 4. Learning how to interpret failure. 5. Changing existing self-views. 6. Valuing health. 7. Developing interests in new activities or coming to value activities. 8. Maturing out.