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Mercer County Community College
Science & Allied Health Division
Bio 104 Lecture Outline
Chapters 14, 15, 16
Course Lecturers:
L. Falkow / R. Smith
1/07
The Cardiovascular System
Blood: Introduction
Science (Chapter 14)



A. Characteristics of Blood
1. Blood Volume
-
-
2. Blood Composition
a. Blood Cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
b. Plasma
2
3. Origin of Blood Cells
o
o
B. Red Blood Cells
1. Characteristics
o
o
-
oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
o
2. Red Blood Cell Counts


4.6 – 6.2

4.2. – 5.4

reflects blood’s ___________________________
3. Red Blood Cell Production

low blood oxygen  ________________________
 RBC production

vitamin B12, folic acid, Fe are necessary
Dietary Factors Affecting RBC Production
3
4. Life Cycle of RBC


lifespan
worn out RBCs destroyed by

Hb  heme and globin
5. Anemia
Def. =
C. White Blood Cells
1. Functions & Types

 diapedesis

positive chemotaxis

granulocytes
-

agranulocytes
2. White Blood Cell Counts

5, 000 - 10,000

leukopenia

leukocytosis

differential WBC count
4
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Neutrophils (segs, PMNs, bands)
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
D. Platelets
- cell fragments
-130,000 - 360,000
- helps control _______________
Plasma
A. Characteristics



B. Plasma Proteins



5
C. Gases and Nutrients
Gases
Nutrients
-
-
D. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances
Urea Uric acid Amino acids –
Creatine –
Creatinine –
BUN –
E. Plasma Electrolytes

Absorbed from the _____________ or released as
by-products of ________________



sodium, chloride
calcium
magnesium



bicarbonate
phosphate
sulfate
Hemostasis

Blood Vessel Spasm
-
6
Platelet Plug Formation
-
Blood Coagulation
-
Coagulation
- causes the formation of a blood clot via ____________________
-
occurs extrinsically (_______________)
or intrinsically (________________)
Anitgens and Antibodies
Agglutination –
Antigen –
Antibody –
ABO Blood Groups
Based on presence or absence of ______________________


Blood Types:
Type A
RBC:
Plasma
Antibodies:
Type B
Type AB
Type O
7
Rh Blood Group
Rh positive
Rh negative
Erythroblastosis fetalis
-
mother if Rh neg.; baby is Rh pos.
if mother is exposed to ________________ blood,
she will form anti-Rh antibodies
problem arises in 2nd pregnancy
-
1970’s Rho-Gam
Introduction & Overview of CV System (Chapter 15)
_____ liters of blood
___________miles of vessels
Pulmonary circuit :
Systemic circuit:
Coronary circulation:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Anatomy of the Heart
A. Size & Location

8
 between _______ and _____________
 medial to ____________
 base at ___________
 apex at __________________
 lies on diaphragm
B. Pericardium
1. fibrous pericardium
2. serous pericardium
parietal pericardium
[pericardial cavity]
visceral pericardium
3. Disorders
pericarditis
cardiac tamponade
C. Heart Wall
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
D. Heart Chambers
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
9
E. Heart Valves
Tricuspid
Pulmonary ___________
Mitral
Aortic ___________
F. Path of Blood Through the Heart
1. Right Atrium
SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus
< Right atrioventricular (AV) valve>
2. Right Ventricle
chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
<Pulmonary Semilunar valve>  _____________
 LUNGS  _________________
Pulmonary veins 3. Left Atrium
<Left Atrioventricular (AV) valve>
4. Left Ventricle
<Aortic Semilunar valve>
 ascending aorta
 openings to coronary arteries
G. Blood Supply to Heart (Coronary Circulation)
1. Right coronary artery
└> marginal branch
└> posterior interventricular branch
(post. descending artery)
10
2. Left coronary artery
└> circumflex branch
└> anterior interventricular branch
(left anterior descending artery)
3. Coronary veins
great cardiac vein
└> coronary sinus  ________________
Heart Actions
Systole =
Diastole =
A. Cardiac Cycle
Atrial systole/ Ventricular diastole
Ventricular systole/ atrial diastole
-
B. Heart Sounds
Lubb
Dupp
Murmur –
Mitral valve prolapse
C. Cardiac Muscle Fibers
- form a functional syncytium (=
)
11
atrial syncytium
ventricular syncytium
D. Cardiac Conduction System
Conducting system includes:
Nodal tissue
S-A (sinoatrial) node
Atrial synctium
Junctional fibers
A-V (atrioventricular) node
AV bundle (of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular syncytium
E. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
P wave QRS wave T wave -
Prolonged QRS complex
Arrhythmias:
Fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Tachycardia >100bpm
Bradycardia < 60bpm
12
F. Cardiac Cycle
1. Consists of:
systole –
diastole –
2. Average heartrate:
G. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle
1. ANS affects activities of ________________
2. Other Factors that influence HR
- ion conc. (
)
PSN impulses
SNS impulses
Cardiac center _____________ regulates heart
BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
A. Blood Vessel Anatomy
1. 3 basic layers
a. tunica interna (intima)
b. tunica media
c. tunica externa (adventitia)
2. Artery
-
13
3. Arterioles
-
Metarterioles
4. Capillaries
Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow
Precapillary sphincters
Exchange in the Capillaries
Arterial end –
Venous end
Substances move in and out
Opposing pressures:
Hydrostatic pressure (BP )
Osmotic pressure
5. Venules
6. Veins
14
Blood Pressure
- force exerted against wall of vessel
A. Arterial BP
120  80 mmHg
Systolic/diastolic
Pulse =
B. Factors that affect BP
Blood volume
HR
SV
Cardiac Output
CO
=
HR x SV
Viscosity
PR
C. Control of BP
BP rises  baroreceoptors (located in _____________ and
_________________) stimulated
 Cardiac center (located in ___________)
 PSN impulses to __________  HR ____________ BP back to normal
D. Venous Blood Flow
Depends on:
-
15
Selected Blood Vessels
A. Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
B. Systemic Circulation
1. Aorta
Ascending aorta:
 right & left coronary arteries
Aortic arch:
1)
2)
3)
Descending aorta
2. Hepatic portal circulation
- inferior mesenteric vein
- splenic vein
- superior mesenteric vein
Splenic v. & superior mesenteric v. join to form
hepatic portal vein --> liver
Life-Span Changes
16
Lymphatic System
A.
B. Lymph vessels
C. Lymph tissues
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Aggregate lymphoid nodules
Appendix