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English Terminology Second semester Lecture: 1 By: Ass. Lect. Hayman Sardar Abd. B. Sc. Pharmacy M.SC. Pharmaceutical Chemistry • Medical terms are made of prefix, root, combining forms and suffixes. ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL TERMS • Medical terms are made up of many different elements. The parts of a word are as follows: • • • • WORD ROOT A word root or root word is the main part of a word. It may be a complete word or is a part of medical term. For example: (the word root is in italics) tendonitis, spasm, mastectomy ( ectomy = cutting out) In spasm, the main part of the word is a complete word, whereas in tendonitis, and mastectomy the main part of the word is a word root. Compound Words • Compound words are made of two or more words. Some examples of compound words are: newborn, headache. • • • • • Combining Forms The combining form makes the word easier to pronounce. A combining form of a word root may be made by adding a vowel to the word root. The vowel o is most frequently used. The other vowels, a, e, i, and u, are used less frequently. Examples of the combining form: (The word root is in italic letters and the combining vowel is in parenthesis). bacteri(o)genic, glyc(o)hemia • Other example: hyster/o (meaning uterus) to salping/o (meaning fallopian tubes) along with the suffix -ectomy to form hysterosalpingectomy, (meaning the removal of both the uterus and the fallopian tubes). You will note that the combining vowel "o" is dropped when adding the suffix -ectomy since two vowels are not necessary. • It must be noted that some vowels have a specific meaning and thus cannot be dropped without changing the meaning of the word. In this case the vowel is not a combining vowel but a word part. • Example: hemi + opia = hemiopia (=absence of visual power in one half of the retina). • hemi means ''half." while hem, hemo means ''blood,'' • So, it is important to know the difference between a vowel that is a combining vowel and a vowel that is a part of a root word. • Combining forms are merely convenience forms and do not influence the meaning of a root word. • Prefix • A prefix is a word part that is placed (fix) at the beginning or front (pre) of another word or word part. A prefix may be a syllable, a group of syllables, or a word. It is joined to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning or to create a new word. • Example: • peri (around) + ocular (the eye) = periocular, which means ''around the eye.˝ • ad (above) + renal (kidney) = adrenal meaning ''above the kidney.˝ • anti (against) + sepsis (infection) = antisepsis means against infection. • In some instances a prefix which is added to the beginning of a word may end in one of several different consonants depending on the consonants in the word parts that follow it. • An example of this is the prefix in-, which means ˝without." The consonant n changes to the same consonant in the root word: • Illegal, Immeasurable, illogical. • Suffix • A suffix is a word part that is added (fix) to the end of a word or word part. Examples: • - neuro (nerve) + tripsy (crushing) = neurotripsy ˝crushing of the nerve.˝ • - rhin (nose) + it is (inflammation) = rhinitis means inflammation of the nose. • - glycohemia: the root glyc- means sugar or sweet with the combining vowel "o" glyc- becomes the combining form glyco-, the root hem- means blood the suffix -ia means state or condition, so glycohemia means sugar in the blood. • - osteoarthritis. The combining form osteo comes from the root oste, meaning bone; the root arthr means joint or joints; and the suffix itis means inflammation. Therefore, the compound word osteoarthritis means inflammation of the bone joints. • - oto(ear) + rhino (nose) + laryngo (larynx) + logy(study of) = otorhinolaryngology, meaning the study of ear, nose and larynx. • - electro (electricity) + encephalo (brain) + graphy (record) = electroencephalography, meaning the recording of the electrical activity of brain. • (note : en = in , cephalo = head , encephalo = brain) • - pseudo (false) + hypo (under) + para (beside) + thyroid (thyroid gland){both para + thyroid referred to parathyroid gland} + ism (condition or state) = pseudohypoparathyroidism, meaning a condition of false underactivity of the parathyroid gland. • Pronunciation of medical terms • - ch is sometimes pronounced like k. Examples: chromatin, chronic. • - ps is pronounced like s. Examples: psychiatry, psychology. • - pn is pronounced with only n sound. Examples: pneumonia, pneusis. • - c & g are given the soft sound of s and j respectively, when followed by e, i, and y. Examples: generic, giant, cycle, cytoplasm. • - ae and oe are pronounced ee. Examples: caesarian, amoeba. • - i at the end of a word is pronounced eye (to form a plural). Examples: alveoli, glomeruli. • • • • • • - Sounds like "si" psy - Sounds like "c" cy sy si psychiatry cystitis symptom silicosis • - Sounds like "dis" • dys • des dyspnea desmoid • Plurals • Rule Example: Singular to Plural • A word ending in -a will keep the -a and vertebra to vertebrae add -e for the plural. • A word ending in -ax, will drop the –ax thorax to thoraces and add -aces for the plural form. • A word ending in -ex or -ix will drop these letters and add -ices for the plural appendix to appendices form • A word ending in -ma will sarcoma to sarcomata add -ta for the plural form. adenoma to adenomata • A word ending in -is will drop the –is and add -es for the plural form • A word ending in -on will drop the –on and add -a for the plural form. • A word ending in -us will drop the –us and add -i for the plural form. • A word ending in -um will drop the –um add -a for the plural form. • A word ending in -y will drop the –y add -ies for the plural form. • A word ending in -nx will change the x to g and add -es. metastasis to metastases ganglion to ganglia nucleus to nuclei ovum to ova and biopsy to biopsies and phalanx to phalanges Thank you