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Name:__________________________________________________________Period:_____ All _________ is broken down by the body into small bits! By the time food reaches your _______________, it has been broken down into nutrient molecules that can enter your ___________ ______________________ then break down the food molecules, _____________energy for the biological work your cells need to perform. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) = _______ storing molecule that serves as the cell’s “energy currency;” o Cells _______ energy by bonding a third _______________ to _________(adenosine diphosphate) to form _______ o ___________ is ________________when ATP breaks down into ______ and ________________! o Within a cell, _______________of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, _______________ energy each time! o Cells use energy: Homeostasis Eliminate wastes Nerve cells transmit impulses Cellular movement (muscle cells) o Without ATP a cell would ______! OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS "THE BIG PICTURE" _____________________ is the process that provides energy for almost all life. During photosynthesis,_________________ (organisms that make their own food) use the sun's energy to make ___________________molecules from__________ and__________________, releasing _____________as a byproduct. The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation: ______________________________________________________________________ The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ATP during _________________________. 1 The PRODUCTS of _____________________ glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in ____________________________. The WASTE PRODUCTS of ________________________, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in __________________________. The process of photosynthesis does ______ happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages: o STAGE 1 – Called the ____________________. ________________ is converted to ____________________ ____________ is captured from _____________in the ______________ of plant cells. __________ is split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain. A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts! The _______________ is now converted to________________, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH. The ______diffuses out of the chloroplasts (byproduct). o STAGE 2 – Called the ______________________. The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of ______________________molecules (__________, ___________ and ________________), using ___________________(CO2). 2 Energy releasing process- the sugars made during photosynthesis are broken down and energy is released Formula: ______________________________________________________ Energy = ATP’s; o form of ____________ used to fuel cellular activity Processes: Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC) TWO TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION: 1. __________________________________ (________________of OXYGEN) If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the products of Glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration. Produces a much larger amount of ATP, up to 20 times more ATP produced 2 major stages are the _________________& ___________________________ 2. _____________________ (____________of OXYGEN) aka….________________ ~ Note: Both types of pathways ________with________________. RESPIRATION PROCESSES: 1.___________________________: Occurs in the _______________of the cell Pathway in which one _______________molecule of __________________is oxidized to produce two __________________molecules of ______________ ______________. Creates ________molecules Attaches H’s to NAD+ (______________) and forms NADH (____________________________) 3 2. ________________________(Citric Acid Cycle) – Aerobic respiration Occurs in the _______________________ Biochemical pathway that breaks down_________________, producing________ , H+, NADH, FADH2, and_________. Aerobic process Takes in pyruvate molecules from__________________. After the reaction, produces CO2 and ____________molecules Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make ________in the_________) 3. _____________________________(ETC) – Aerobic respiration Occurs in the _____________mitochondrial membrane Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ___________ FADH2 and NADH enter, release H’s so they can attach to __________and form water Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules. Produces approximately ___________ Importance of Aerobic Respiration: To transfer chemical energy (___________) to a form of energy that is useable by cells (_______)!!! Total net gain in ATP molecules per glucose = ____________ ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: - Occurs ________glycolysis, only if _______ oxygen is present - _______ additional _______is synthesized - 2 Types: 1. _________________________________: Occurs in __________ Takes in ______________and NADH and releases ________________and____________________. Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of __________to make bread. Used to make wine and beer 2. _______________________________: 4 Occurs in ____________ Takes in ________________and NADH and releases ____________ Lactic Acid Fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacture of food products such as ____________and____________. DURING EXERCISE, breathing____________ provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration. When muscles run out of_______________, the cells switch to________________________________________! This process provides your _____________with the energy then need during exercise. The ______________of lactic acid fermentation are______________, __________, _____________, and___________________. Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuse into the bloodstream, then to the liver, where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen becomes available. 5