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How do different substances support or harm living things? Organic & Inorganic Substances • chemicals are part of EVERYTHING • all living things need chemicals and produce them • chemicals are classified as organic or inorganic Inorganic Chemicals • elements/compounds found in nature • not combined with carbon (but may be C alone) • come mainly from the soil (some from air) • fertilizers are added to soil to improve nutrients Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulfur What’s important to a plant? Photosynthesis (phosphorus & magnesium) Chlorophyll Flowers (phosphorus) (potassium, magnesium & nitrogen) Fruits & Grains (sulfur) Leaves & Stems Resistance to Disease & Starch Production (potassium & nitrogen) Cell Structure (potassium) (calcium) Roots (phosphorus) What’s important to us? Body Functions Muscles Bones & Teeth Blood Nervous System Calcium Potassium Nitrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Sulfur Calcium Phosphorus Calcium Nutrient Importance in PLANTS Importance in HUMANS Nitrogen (N) - in chlorophyll & proteins - helps leaf and stem growth - in proteins & nucleic acids - helps growth and repair of body tissue Phosphorus (P) - in root and flower growth - helps cellular respiration & photosynthesis - in bones, teeth & DNA - helps metabolic reactions Potassium (K) - helps early growth, chlorophyll production, starch production, and resistance to disease - helps muscle contraction & nerve impulses Magnesium (Mg) - helps chlorophyll structure & photosynthesis - in bones & teeth Calcium (Ca) - helps cell wall structure & cell division - in bones & teeth - helps blood clotting and muscle & nerve function Sulfur (S) - helps production of fruits grains - helps protein synthesis, enzyme activation and detoxification It’s a Balancing Act • we must get just the right amount of inorganic chemicals – to much or to little can be harmful • macronutrients (>100 mg/day) e.g. nitrogen, calcium, potassium • micronutrients (< 100 mg/day) e.g. zinc, iron, boron Organic Chemicals • carbon combined with other elements • building blocks for life • 4 elements are most common Synthesizing Organic Substances • plants & animals can create some of the organic substances needed for life made up of building blocks called amino acids 10 essential amino acids must be ingested every day (they are not stored) What About Vitamins? • large organic molecules that help enzymes function E D B’s A C How do we take in substances? • Uptake by Plants – through roots (passive or active) – diffusion → water & nutrients flow from higher concentration (in soil) to lower concentration (in roots) – active transport → plant really needs a nutrient and so “sucks” it in from surrounding soil moisture (nutrients go from area of lower concentration in soil to higher concentration in roots) • Uptake by Animals – we eat, drink and breath – ingestion: the process to taking in food • food is chewed and then digestion is helped by enzymes in mouth, stomach & small intestine – hydrolysis: a special process • large organic molecules (like starch) are broken down by reacting with water – nutrients are absorbed through cell membranes and then transported by blood to where they are needed Substrate and Nutrient Sources • organisms get nutrients from environment(s) in which they live • substrate is the material on which an organism moves or lives – attach to substrate – live off substrate – move over/through substrate What about Chemicals? • living things depend on chemicals to survive – photosynthesis is used by plants to create food – cellular respiration is used by plants and animals to provide energy from food • but not all chemicals are good Pollution any accumulation of unwanted waste matter in the environment (natural or man made) • fertilizer – to much or wrong place • pesticides – insecticide – herbicide – fungicide • solid & liquid waste – landfill – water treatment • air emsission – combustion – incineration Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification