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A New Artificial Intelligence 1
Kevin Warwick
Real AI
• We want to study afresh what artificial
intelligence is all about
• We will look at what intelligence is
• We will look at Classical AI
• We will look at different forms of AI
• Key is to open your mind to the different
possibilities for intelligence
• Try to not be human-centric.
Intelligence
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What is intelligence in humans?
What is intelligence in animals?
What is intelligence in machines?
Important aspects of mental make up must be
considered - myths chopped down to size.
What is the intelligence of a spider?
How would an alien regard human intelligence?
Subjective nature of intelligence is important.
‘Intelligence’ Definitions
• New English Dictionary,1932, “The exercise
of understanding: intellectual power:
acquired knowledge: quickness of intellect.”
• Macmillan Encyclopedia,1995, “Intelligence
is the ability to reason and to profit by
experience. An individual’s level of
intelligence is determined by a complex
interaction between their heredity and
environment.”
Human Intelligence?
• In 1900’s, Binet (inventor of the IQ test) picked
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judgement, common sense, initiative and
adaptability as “essential ingredients of intelligence”.
Intelligence has even been linked with spiritual
awareness or emotions.
Intelligence in humans is not the only intelligence.
Comparing intellectual ability between humans standard tests of one type or another are useful.
We must consider intelligence in a broader sense.
Animal Intelligence
• Intelligence involves communication,
planning and (possibly) initiative,
reasoning and quickness of intellect.
• We can consider human versions of these,
but let’s also consider other animals!
Bee Intelligence
• Bees exhibit individual behaviors in a tightly
knit society.
• Communicate with a dance
• Bee returns from pollen collection it wiggles
its bottom and moves in a straight line
• Distance moved is proportional to the
distance of the pollen source - angle moved
is angle between the source and the sun
Spider Intelligence
• Over 30,000 species of spider, each with its
own specialties.
• Water spiders live in ponds and build an air
filled diving bell out of silk.
• Wait, underwater, for prey - shrimps
• Then the spider pounces - delivers a fatal
bite - pulls the prey into its lair - devours it.
Learning + Tools
• Many creatures have been witnessed learning.
• An octopus is trained to choose between objects
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- a second (watching) octopus can then carry
out the exact same decision making process
Many creatures use tools.
Herons drop morsels of food into water where
fish are ‘expected’ to be. When the fish swims to
take the bait, the heron catches it.
Brain Size
• Direct comparisons can be made in terms of brain
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size, numbers of brain cells and complexity.
A human brain has approximately 100 billion
neurons - a sea slug’s brain has 8 or 9 neurons.
Brain size can be used to ‘prove’ all sorts of results.
Germany, 1911 - min requirement for a professor,
head circumference of 52 cms. Used to discriminate
against women. A medical physicist of the time said
“We do not have to ask for the head circumference
of women of genius – they do not exist.”
Gustave Le Bon noted that women have brains
closer in size to gorillas than to those of men!
Political Correctness
• These serve as examples of using a measure
to come to a desired conclusion
• This must be avoided in studying intelligence,
yet it appears time and time again
• Also - We should not overlook observable
differences because they are not politically
correct – Race/Yerkes!
Sensing & Movement
• Intelligence also depends on how a brain senses
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and activates things in the world.
Humans sense approx 5% of the signals
If another being senses the world differently
they are not better or worse, merely different.
It is wrong to say that a creature or machine is
stupid because it cannot make a cup of tea
(Tylden) – this is a human task. Only in
comparing humans should such a task even be
considered as some measure.
What is Intelligence?
• Mental processes sufficient for life.
• Ability to make appropriate and timely
choices – Ross Ashby.
• ‘the variety of information processing
processes that collectively enable a being
to pursue autonomously its survival’
Alien View
• You are an alien inspecting earth from afar.
• What are the intelligent life forms on earth?
• Vehicles, networks, water, clouds, animals,
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bacteria, televisions?
You might apply some tests based on your own
concepts of life form and intelligence.
On your planet the main sensory input could be
infra red signals – so your view of earth may not
include humans as an intelligent life form
Life
• Considering what humans define as the basics
of life can lead to strange conclusions.
• E.g. nutrition, excretion, movement, growth,
irritability, respiration, production.
• From an alien standpoint a communications
network satisfies these qualities. It could be
concluded that a complex global networked
intelligence is being served by small drone like
simple beings, with smaller brains – humans
Subjective Intelligence
• What we regard as being an intelligent act,
and what not, is very subjective
• Human centred – e.g. jokes
• Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense
• Machine centred – maths, memory
Subjectivity - examples
• When a puppy walks by the side of a person,
this can be considered to be an intelligent thing
• Maybe the puppy is satisfying a programme
• When a human can rapidly calculate maths or
remember facts these can be regarded as
intelligent acts – or they could be regarded as
entertainment
• Between species - big problem of comparison.
Use science not fashion
• Between humans we need to retain a
scientific basis for our analysis rather than
pamper to social stereotypes.
• Why is knowledge about politics, classical
music or fine art more indicative of
intelligence than knowledge about soccer,
pop music or pornography?
Mozart?
• Why does playing music by Mozart to a
baby in the womb make the baby more
intelligent, whereas playing Rolling Stones
music is dangerous?
• Is there any scientific basis at all for such
conclusions? No. Where are the conclusive
scientific studies that have shown these
things to be so? There are none.
Social Bias
• A social bias runs through human
educational systems - results in values
associated with subjects
• An individual can be regarded as being
stupid because they do not know a
particular fact, cannot carry out a
mathematical calculation or deal with some
aspect of everyday life.
• But this merely represents one aspect of
their intelligence
Species Bias
• Humans use the same approach to make
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comparisons with other creatures or machines.
We do not give value to non-human abilities,
because we do not understand them
We give value to animals (or machines!) copying
some aspect of human abilities – Dolphins are
intelligent because they do tricks - sharks are
‘mindless’ killing machines because humans do
not share the same values as a shark.
Comparisons
• When assessing the intelligence of a
machine, if we wish to claim that it is not
as good as a human, we can make
comparisons of the machine’s abilities in a
field in which humans perform well
• We can compare human abilities with a
machine in a field in which the machine
performs well – but the result is not so
good for humans, so we don’t do it
End Points
• Intelligence is subjective
• Need a broader view
• Consider intelligence in animals
• For AI we do not just wish to compare
machines with humans – we must
remember animal intelligence
Next
• Human Intelligence!
Contact Information
• Web site: www.kevinwarwick.com
• Email: [email protected]
• Tel:2-2435-7299