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Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Born on the island of Corsica in 1769, (just a year after island came under French control), Napoleon was a “Child of the Enlightenment”, who rose quickly through military ranks to become a general & hero in revolutionary France. Twice he came with his soldiers to defence of the Directory. Yet, while commonly called a military “genius”, he also led military campaigns that had terrible results. Edmund Burke’s Prediction: True or False? Burke (1729-1797) was a British parliamentarian & political philosopher sometimes referred to as the ‘father of conservatism’. Written straight after the French Louis Revolution began, Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) was strongly antirevolutionary, arguing that revolution would also destroy all that was good in society, create disorder, & lead ultimately to the coming to power of a tyrant seen as capable of restoring order. XVI Revolution Napoleon I The Rise of Napoleon Napoleon entered French military school at age 10, becoming a professional soldier by age 16 1794, & again in 1795 he helped defend the French regime against counter-revolution 1796 & 1797 he had spectacular military successes against Italian & Austrian forces, & Austria forced to accept peace 1797 he again came to the defence of the Directory against its (& Napoleon’s own) royalist enemies 1798 he invaded Egypt. The campaign became doomed to failure when his fleet was destroyed by British Admiral Nelson, (making it impossible for him to get the fresh supplies & men). By 1802, with continued pressure from the Ottomans & British, Napoleon forced to completely abandon the Egyptian campaign. He had personally already left his troops & returned to France (some say thereby committing treason), in Aug.1799. The Establishment of the Consulate 9th Nov. 1799, Napoleon, backed by middle class leaders fearful of royalists & other counter-revolutionaries, led a coup d'état that replaced the Directory with the Consulate. (It was known as the Coup d'état of Brumaire as it occurred on the 18th of the revolutionary month of Brumaire). Under the Constitution of the Year VII (1799) Napoleon, as First Consul became the most powerful man in France, & 5 years later, in 1804, declared himself Emperor. From Consul to Emperor Napoleon placing the crown on his own head, instead of being crowned by the head of the Church (1804) Consul vs. Emperor Note the plainer appearance of Napoleon as Consul, compared to the much more grand scene of him once his imperial ambition had been revealed & he had seated himself as Emperor Napoleonic Reform While Napoleonic Rule is often taken to signify end of the French Revolution, it should not be overlooked that Napoleon instituted several sweeping reforms, both in France & in the lands he conquered Napoleon’s reforms included the Napoleonic Code (codifying & standardizing laws in much of Europe & contributing to ending feudalism in many areas) & the general implementation of doctrine of “careers open to talent” (using best men irrespective of background & past loyalties). Also introduced rational measures & practices in administration of Empire, supported the sciences & expanded scope of education. Perhaps most impt., however, he brought the order & stability & sense of unity that the French had been seeking for so many years Napoleonic Wars Napoleon’s rule saw an almost constant series of wars in Europe. He had risen to power at a time of military crisis, but defeated &/or made peace with all his enemies by 1802. (Including the Concordat made with the Catholic Church). After spending some time on internal reforms & the consolidation of his power, Napoleon soon turned to vision of establishing a great empire. Peace finally made with Britain in 1802, but by 1803 the 2 countries were at war again. By 1805 the British had organized a new coalition & opposition to France was eventually to include Prussia, Russia, Austria & Sweden. Again displaying his military “genius” Napoleon defeated his enemies one by one, forcing them to accept peace, (notably with Russia in the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807); Only Britain remaining at war, & she having only a limited land army. It was only the sixth coalition of 1812-1814 which finally decisively defeated the French. Napoleon’s “Grand Empire” FRANCE Satellite States Allied States The Continental System Napoleon considered an invasion of Britain, even with its superior navy & natural defence as an island. Thought that by diverting British ships to other areas & opening up Channel for 24 hours he could find gap to land a French army in Britain. With decisive defeat of French navy (& allied Spanish forces) in Battle of Trafalgar, even this idea became impossible, & instead Napoleon turned to economic warfare to defeat Britain. The Continental System II The Continental System was based on idea of embargo. Industrial Revolution was advancing in Britain, the center of manufacturing in Europe. Napoleon believed Britain’s economy would collapse if it could not sell products on European markets. Having conquered or allied with all major powers in continental Europe, Napoleon issued Berlin Decree of Nov. 1806, forcing rest of Europe to stop importing from Britain. All, except Portugal, complied, but embargo ended-up hurting these European territories more than Britain (!), & ultimately they began to oppose Continental System. On Dec 31st 1810, Russia declared it would no longer accept Continental System. Napoleon felt betrayed by Tsar Alexander I. Battle of Trafalgar Reasons for the Failure of the Continental System British Counter-Blockade of continental Europe Insufficient alternative means of transportation (i.e. alternatives to sea routes) Infant Industries of mainland Europe unable to replace previous supply of goods from Britain Britain made up for lost trade with Europe by finding new markets around the world British monopoly of many “luxury goods” Smuggling March on Moscow ... & back! Napoleon’s Russian Campaign Napoleon raised a massive army, the “Grand Army” of around ½ a million men (by some estimates more!). Yet, only about ⅓ were Frenchmen (& thus likely less committed to his cause). On June 23rd 1812 the campaign began Things did not go according to plan! Napoleon had intended a short campaign, (his army had only 3 weeks worth of supplies), with a decisive battle against Russian forces close to the Russian border. The Russians, however, withdrew deeper & deeper into the Russian heartland forcing Napoleon’s forces to follow Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (2) Many of Napoleon’s men began to die as the harsh Russian winter set in, & the Russian “scorched earth” policy (burning the lands they left-behind as they withdrew) meant that Napoleon’s forces could find little food or shelter. Hunger & disease spread. Despite eventually taking control of Moscow, (which was also put on fire before they entered) Napoleon’s forces could stay no longer & began to withdraw with Napoleon having concerns about losing control in France itself. On the long, cold march back to Paris many more died, often as a result of Russian “hit-andrun” attacks. Only about 20,000 men made it back! Napoleon Enters Moscow The Demise of the “Grand Army” The light grey area represents the size of the Grand Army as it advanced to Moscow, the black shows it as it withdrew from Russia Exile to Elba After being forced to retreat from Russia, Napoleon fought a series of often brilliant battles in an effort to defend his crumbling empire. But, odds grew progressively worse as more states, seeing him weakened, joined the coalition against him. By the end of March 1814 Paris was occupied & on the 11th of April Napoleon was forced to surrender unconditionally. He was allowed to keep the title of Emperor... But his “Empire” was limited to the small island of Elba to which he was exiled. “The Hundred Days” “The Hundred Days” is name for period during which Napoleon escaped from Elba & returned to France, raising new army (less well-trained) & claiming he would now be satisfied with constitutional monarchy & limited borders for France. Why did Napoleon begin the Hundred Days? : - Ambition - Concern for Family - Rumors of being exiled further afar While French people generally greeted their charismatic ruler enthusiastically, & while unpopular restored Bourbon monarch – Louis XVIII – had fled, European powers not convinced by Napoleon’s promises Napoleon finally defeated by combined force of British & Prussian troops at Battle of Waterloo that began 18th June 1815 Louis XVIII Louis XVI Louis XVIII Louis XVII Louis XVIII was brother of Louis XVI. He was restored to the throne by the European powers upon the defeat of Napoleon. (Louis XVI’s son having died in prison in 1795 during the French Revolution – never having been officially crowned). After being forced to flee during the Hundred Days, Louis XVIII returned again to France where he reigned as king till his death in 1824. St. Helena ... THE END! The German cartoon on the right ridicules the defeated Napoleon, showing him commanding an army of mice during his exile in St. Helena St. Helena in Perspective The choice of St. Helena was no coincidence. Unlike Elba, this island was not as pleasant a location. In the middle of the South Atlantic, thousands of miles from any major land-mass, escape was now virtually impossible. It was here that Napoleon was to die in 1821