Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Age of Exploration 1415 – Portugal captures Ceuta 1494– Treaty of Torsedillas 1492 – Columbus discovers the Americas 1521– Cortés conquers the Aztecs 1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut 1542 – New Laws of the Indies enacted 1522 – Magellan killed in the Philippines 1588 – British defeat Spanish Armada 1565 – First permanent settlement at St. Augustine 1620 – Plymouth Colony founded 1602 – Dutch East India Company forms 1641 – Dutch seize Malacca Background • World connected through long distance trade for centuries – Silk Road – Indian Ocean Trade Routes – Difficult, lengthy, dangerous journey to travel for spices and luxury goods • New travel technology appeared in the Middle Ages & Renaissance – Caravel – sturdier ship with triangular sales – Astrolabe – used to determine latitude with the stars • Perfected by Muslims • European-Muslim trade since Crusades – Magnetic compass – perfected by the Chinese • Renaissance curiosity in the 1400s • Desire for luxury gods – – – – Spices Tea Porcelain Silk Motivation for Exploration • Access to trade – Trade controlled by Italians & Muslims – Wanted direct routes to have cheaper access to goods • Missionary work – Spread of Christianity – Jesuits in particular • Competition • Glory God, Glory, Gold Portugal First • Portuguese first to establish trading outposts on the west coast of Africa & into the Indian Ocean basin • Henry the Navigator – Portuguese prince with enthusiasm for exploration – Founded navigation schools for mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, and captains • 1415 – Captured Ceuta • Series of trading outposts on African coast by 1460 (Henry’s death) – Traded with Africans for gold & ivory – Eventually traded for slaves • Believed they must sail around Africa to reach spices in Asia • 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias – ventured to the Cape of Good Hope – Turned around – Shortage of supplies • 1497 – Vasco da Gama – began exploring African coast – 1498 – reached Calicut (India) – 1499 – returned to Portugal with silks, spices, and gems • Cargo worth 60X the cost of voyage! • Gave Portugal a direct sea route to India Reaching Asia The Portuguese Method Established ports & forts along the coast • • Called a “trading empire” • Differences from the traditional notion of an empire – No vast land holding – Few settlers – Main purpose: hold cargo for trade & trade with locals • Their Trading Empire – Took control of spice trade from Muslim merchants • Brought goods back at 1/5 old prices • More people could afford luxury goods – Posts in Mughal Empire • Promised aid to princes against other European powers – 1510 – captured Goa – 1511 – captured Malacca Competition - Spain • Competed with Portugal for direct route to Asia • 1492 – Ferdinand and Isabella hired Christopher Columbus to find a route to Asia by sailing west – Big reason – F&I purged the Jews and lost many intellectuals & influential people, so they needed help! – Genoese captain • Knew world was round since Greek times • Underestimated size of world • Didn’t know other continents were there – Set out August 3, 1492 – Reached Caribbean October 12, 1492 – Thought he’d reached the Indies called people Indians Rivaling Claims to Land • After Columbus’s voyage, more explorers sailed west • Portugal & Spain held claims in the New World • 1493 – F&I wanted Pope Alexander VI to support their claims – Set up Line of Demarcation, dividing non-European world into 2 zones • Spain in the West • Portugal in the East (claimed Brazil in 1500) • 1494 – Line agreed to at the Treaty of Torsedillas – Basically told other countries they needed to move fast to keep up – Did not take into consideration native peoples’ claims to lands Other Nations Join In • ~1600 the British & Dutch entered • Dutch Republic – The Netherlands – was small country along the North Sea in Europe – – – – – Ruled by Spain since early 1500s Declared independent in 1581 Leading sea power in short time Largest fleet by 1600 with 20,000 vessels Seized Malacca from Portugal • Valuable spice islands – Controlled Cape of Good Hope – Dutch East India Company – company founded in 1602 by wealthy merchants, which had sovereign powers, that grew to have a monopoly on the spice islands • Could wage war, govern territory, and build an army • Used military force – BUT preferred to forge close ties with local rulers • Declined as power of Britain & France grew • British also had an East India Company • Eroded Portuguese control in the Indian Ocean British & French Traders • Britain & France had foothold in the Mediterranean by 1700 • English East India Company focused on establishing outposts in India – Developed successful business trading cloth in Europe – Gained way into the Mughal Empire • France’s East India Company founded 1664 – – – – Struggled at first Attacked by the Dutch Eventually est. outpost in India in 1720s Not very profitable Review – Exploration • What were the 6 motivations for exploration in the 15th century? • What country was the first to embark on exploration? • What settled the Portugal-Spain dispute in 1494? • What were the main objectives in exploration? • What groups traded with Europeans, and were eventually subject to their rule? Spain Builds an Empire • Motivation – fierce competition for wealth in Europe wanted GOLD • 1492: Columbus reached the West Indies on behalf of the Spanish crown – F&I financed 3 more trips – Intended to turn Caribbean lands into colonies – lands controlled by another nation • Conquistadors – conquerors – would soon arrive in Central & South America – Claimed lands for Spain – Sought silver & gold Cortés Conquers Mexico • Landed in Mexico in 1519 • Encountered native Aztecs – Reached capital Tenochtitlan – Montezuma II – Is Cortés a god? • Agreed to give gold – Killed many Aztecs in 1521 • Conquered Tenochtitlan (and the Aztecs in general) in 1521 – Spanish weapons superior – Other native groups helped Cortés – Disease – measles, mumps, smallpox, & typhus – killed off many natives Pizarro in Peru • 1532- Francisco Pizarro reached Peru & conquered Incan Empire • Met ruler Atahualpa near city Cajamarca – Spanish: 200 man army; Incan: 30,000 man army – Spanish ambushed & kidnapped Atahualpa – Received ransom of gold and silver – But, killed Atahualpa anyway – Incans retreated • Captured capital Cuzco without a struggle in 1533 • Other Regions – Maya in the Yucatan & Guatemala Spanish Empire by mid-16th Century • 4 Viceroyalties – New Spain – New Granada – Peru – Rio de la Plata Spanish Patterns of Conquest • Used techniques of the reconquista (conquering Muslims) – Live among them – Impose culture on them • Relations between Spanish and natives common creation of Mestizo population • Oppressed natives – Encomienda system – forced labor of natives on farms, ranches, or in mines • Effectively put natives at bottom of social hierarchy • Spoken against by Bartolome de las Casas new laws forbade enslavement in 1542 – Too far from Spain to be enforced – Imposed culture – Close control on trade, esp. silver & gold • Sugar cane profitable need workers – Slaves from Africa by 1530s – # Descendents from Africans outnumbered Europeans within a few generations • Laws prohibited trade with other nations • Spread authority of Catholic Church Spanish Colonial Society • • • • • Blended Spanish, African, and Amerindian cultures Native styles of buildings, foods, and use of canoes Christianity and horses present African cooking, farming, dance, and song Social Hierarchy – – – – – – Spanish-born Europeans Creoles (Spanish born in the colonies) Mestizos (Spanish + Native) Mulattos (Native + African) Natives (Amerindian) Africans (Descendents of slaves) • Valued education – role fulfilled by the Church Pushing North • 1540 – empire stretched from Mexico to Peru • 1540-41 – Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led expedition through Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas – Little gold – Mostly priests settled to explore & colonize • MANY Christian missionaries sought converts Effects of Conquistadors • Conquered millions of natives with guns and disease • Seized valuable goods, esp. gold and silver – Sent abroad to the Philippines for trade – Made Spain wealthy & powerful… – But quickly led to rapid inflation & declined the empire • Natives – split – Stop resisting & convert to Christianity – Still fight & protect culture • Changed patterns of global encounters – Map connected by sea routes for trade (not just land routes) Remember: • Conquered the Aztecs, Incas, and other natives easily with guns and disease • Empire spread from California to Chile in the Americas • Social hierarchy ranged from Africans (slaves) at the bottom to Spanish-born whites at the top – Placement of mixed people on the scale indicates the commonality of interbreeding that was still seen as less-acceptable • Economy focused on treasures (gold, silver) and later plantations (sugar, tobacco) The Columbian Exchange • Interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas beginning in the late 15th century (and Asia) • Important – it’s not a trade route • Describes exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases among different areas of the world Shocking Facts about the Columbian Exchange • Plants native to the Americas – Tomatoes (not Italy) – Potatoes (not Ireland) – Corn • Things introduced to the Americas – – – – – – • Lots of people died – Europeans brought diseases (smallpox, influenza, typhus, measles, malaria, diphtheria, & whooping cough) – Amerindians had no immunities against the diseases Onions Olives • Lots of people lived Coffee – New, easily grown Peaches crops introduced to Wheat, Barley, & Rice Europe and Asia Cattle, sheep, pigs, – Population BOOMED! horses Columbian Exchange Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ PA5oNpfM4