Download Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna

The French Revolution and Napoleon
The Age of Napoleon
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• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Disaster and Defeat
• Map: Russian Campaign,1812
• The Last Campaigns
• The Congress of Vienna
• Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna
Section 4
The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4
Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction
Preview, continued
• The Revolution’s Legacy
• Faces of History: Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video: The Impact of the French Revolution
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon’s Europe
Main Idea
Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks to become
emperor over France and much of Europe.
Reading Focus
• How did Napoleon rise to power?
• How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe?
• What were Napoleon’s most important policies?
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Witness History Audio: Enter Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Rises to Power
Napoleon was a military hero to the French and moved from being a general to being a member of a
three-man Consulate who ruled France. Through votes by French citizens, he then rose to First
Consul and eventually to Emperor.
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to
ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of
the French Revolution.
Opportunities for Glory
• Napoleon, brilliant military leader
• In charge of French interior at 26
• Invaded Italy and Egypt
• Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson
kept from newspapers
• Became national hero
Napoleon Seizes Power
• Directory weak and ineffective
• Fear of royalists and of European
opposition
• November 1799 coup d’état
• France to be led by Consulate
• Napoleon voted first consul, in
effect a dictator
Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms.
The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Summarize
What events led to Napoleon’s rise
to power?
Answer(s): stopped royalists from regaining
power, defended French interior, won battles in
Italy, kept borders secure, won territory for France,
covered up Battle of Nile, coup d'état
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon Reforms France
Napoleon’s government valued order and authority. He made reforms to improve the economy and
made peace with the Catholic Church. He also instituted a new code of laws that recognized the
equality of all citizens under the law.
Witness History Audio: The British Against Napoleon
Color Transparency 108: Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques
Louis David
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Emperor Napoleon
Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe
• Napoleon crowns himself
– Submitted a plebiscite before voters
– Emperor Napoleon I
• Desire for empire
– Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas
– French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today)
failed
– Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his
focus to Europe
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Napoleon’s Policies
Church-State Relations
Economic Reforms
• Antireligious nature of French
Revolution over
• Established the Bank of France
to regulate economy
• Concordat recognized influence
of Roman Catholic Church
• More efficient tax-collection
system
Legal and Educational
• Napoleonic Code developed
• Order and authority over
individual rights
• Schools for government and
military positions
Legacy—Age of Napoleon
• Democratic ideas
• Equality before law,
representative system
• Spread of nationalism
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon Builds an Empire
Napoleon’s armies invaded and annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany.
In lands he didn’t control militarily, he tried to place friends and relatives in positions of power. Britain,
however, successfully resisted Napoleon’s actions through the force of its navy.
Geography Interactive: Napoleon’s Power in Europe, 1812
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Quest to Conquer Europe
Napoleonic Wars Begin
• Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution,
would last a decade
• France dominant power in Europe
• French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more quickly
• Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar off
coast of Spain
• Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at
Austerlitz
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by
Jacques Louis David
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
Continental System
• “Nation of shopkeepers,” Great
Britain continued to defy
Napoleon
• Blockade prohibited French or
allied ships from trade with
Britain
• Britain required ships from
neutral countries to stop in
British ports
• War of 1812 one result
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The Peninsular War
• Troops to Portugal and Spain
• Spanish people revolted in
1808
• Great Britain stepped in to help
• Guerrilla war with Spanish kept
French busy
• Napoleon finally pulled out of
Spain
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Napoleon Dominates Europe
Mastered Most of Europe
• Through treaties, alliances, and victories in battle
• Controlled much of Europe by 1812
Free of Control
• Great Britain remained an enemy
• Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped Bonaparte’s grip
Rewarded Relatives
• Relatives put in power; brothers on thrones of Holland, Naples, and Sicily
• Sisters and stepson held powerful positions
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Summarizing
What regions of Europe did
Napoleon dominate?
Answer(s): all nations except Great Britain,
Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Identify Cause and Effect
How did Napoleon’s reforms affect
French society?
Answer(s): Napoleon made some basic
revolutionary ideas part of the French
government.
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, other countries began to revolt against French occupation
and culture. There were not enough soldiers to secure each territory and strike at Russia. To make
matters worse, Russian troops had burned crops and villages along the French route, leaving them
without food or shelter during the brutal winter.
Witness History Video: Napoleon’s Lost Army
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Disaster and Defeat
Portugal
• Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal
• Peninsular campaign was a failure
Russia
• Czar Nicholas I didn’t like French troops on western border
• Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports
Costly Mistake
• Napoleon turned east in 1812
• Hoped to teach Russia a lesson
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The Russian Campaign
June 1812
• Napoleon and army of 600,000
troops
• Marched across Russian border
No One to Fight
• Russian troops pulled east
• French victory at Borodino, but
Russian army still strong
• Pushed to Moscow but found
city in flames
French Army
• New recruits with no loyalty
• Supplies lost or spoiled
• Disease, desertion, and hunger
Retreat Homeward
• Ruined city, no winter supplies
• Starvation and freezing
temperatures decimated army
• Only 94,000 men survived
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Identify Cause and Effect
What factors contributed to
Napoleon’s failure in Russia?
Answer(s): soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon,
extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease,
desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh
Russian winter
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction
Main Idea
After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile
and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to
Europe.
Reading Focus
• What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon?
• What were Napoleon’s last campaigns?
• What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?
• What is the legacy of the French Revolution?
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon Falls from Power
France’s Russian disaster gave birth to the alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia. They
defeated France in 1813. Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba, and the monarchy was
restored in France. Napoleon then escaped Elba and returned to rule for a short time, until his troops
were beaten again in battle. He died while in exile on the island of St. Helena, but his conquests
helped to spread the ideas of the French revolution throughout Europe and Russia.
Color Transparency 111: Two Kings of Terror
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Defeat and Exile to Elba
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against
France
• Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced
• In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the
Nations near Leipzig
• In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris.
• Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went
into exile on tiny island of Elba
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The Last Campaigns
The Hundred Days
• French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII
• King unpopular; Napoleon returns after year in exile
• Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by
allies
• Paris cheered Napoleon’s return
• Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The Last Campaigns
Battle of Waterloo
• Duke of Wellington led final confrontation
•Battle of Waterloo
• British and Prussian armies
• Crushing defeat for Napoleon
• End of the Napoleonic Wars
• The responsibility for this disaster laid with
the Emperor himself:
-He was probably already very sick by then
and there were some undeniable signs of
deterioration in his overall ability. -He had
become arrogant and overconfident in his
own abilities.
-The Napoleon of before 1815 would not
have lost this battle.
Napoleon’s Final Days
• Louis XVIII restored to the throne
by coalition forces
• Tried to escape capture from the
British (to the U.S.), sent to exile
in Saint Helena
• Volcanic island in South Atlantic
• Remained imprisoned for six
years
• Died at 51; cause of death never
determined
The French Revolution and Napoleon
The Two Kings of Terror
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Draw Conclusions
How was Napoleon able to escape
exile in Elba and return to
command the French army?
Answer(s): hired a ship to return him to France
and won the support of people and the army
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna
At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders tried to create a lasting peace by placing strong
countries around France and by protecting the system of monarchy. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and
Great Britain maintained their alliance. Nationalism, however, would come back to haunt Europe soon
enough.
Color Transparency 112: Europe After the Congress of Vienna
Geography Interactive: Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
QuickTake Section Quiz
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The Congress of Vienna
Negotiators
•
•
•
•
Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain
Czar Alexander I of Russia
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France
Metternich
• Distrusted democracy and political change
• Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power
Goals for Other Decision Makers
• Make sure France could not rise again to such power
• Put down revolution wherever it might appear
• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Redrawing the Map
National borders
• Congress changed many borders
• Wanted to strengthen nations
surrounding France
New Countries
• Union of the Dutch Republic and
the Austrian Netherlands as the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Austria and 38 German states in
German Confederation
Process
France’s loss
• Countries that aided France lost
territory
• Was not allowed to keep any
conquered territory
• Countries that fought France
gained territory
• Boundaries back to 1792
• Talleyrand arranged trades
• Forced to pay indemnity, or
compensation for damages
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Restoring Monarchies
• Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries.
• Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones
of Spain and Sicily.
• Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.
Metternich’s Influence
• His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society.
• Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions,
voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press.
• Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and
northern Italy.
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Color Transparency 112: Europe After the Congress of Vienna
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Summarize
What were the main goals of the
Congress of Vienna?
Answer(s): restore order, stability, and balance of
power; ensure France could not rise again;
suppress revolution
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The Revolution’s Legacy
Was the French Revolution a failure?
• After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again
– Citizens’ rights restricted
– Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles
• French Revolution changed Europe
– Monarchies no longer secure
– Common people learned they could change the world
– Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality
– Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually
inspired political movements in Asia and Africa
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Draw Conclusions
Why could it be said that the French
Revolution is still being fought
today?
Answer(s): People still fight for the basic ideals of
liberty and equality.
The French Revolution and Napoleon
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The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Video
The Impact of the French Revolution
Click above to play the video.
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