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The Monocots: Part 1
Overview, Basal, and “Petaloid” Groups
Spring 2010
Figure 9.1 from the text
Synapomorphies of Monocots
• Root system adventitious
• One cotyledon
• Stems with scattered vascular bundles (no
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secondary growth); herbaceous
Leaves parallel-veined with a sheathing
base
Flowers pentacyclic (5 whorls), trimerous
Sieve cell plastids with several cuneate
protein crystals
Lots of molecular support for monophyly
Additional features of monocots
• Leaves formed from the basal end of the
leaf primordium
• Usually with monosulcate pollen
• Lack glandular teeth on leaves
Monocot characters
• One cotyledon!
NONMONOCOT
MONOCOT
Monocot characters
Leaves:
– parallel venation in most monocots [may be
reversals with net-venation!]
– sheathing base
Trillium
Smilax
Monocot characters
Cuneate protein bodies in sieve cell plastids
– “wedge-shaped” inclusions
– function unknown
Monocot characters
Adventitious roots:
-derived from structures
other than another root
Monocot characters
Scattered vascular bundles in stem
– numerous; actually complex organization
– no vascular cambium (a few weird exceptions)
Monocot characters
• Pentacyclic, trimerous flowers with 2
perianth whorls
How many monocots?
•ca. 3,000 genera
•ca. 65,000 species
•22-25% of angiosperms
•Include:
-aroids
-bananas
-lilies
-gingers
-orchids (20,000+ spp.)
-irises
-palms
-grasses (10,000 spp.)
Phylogeny of Monocot Groups
Basal
“Petaloid”
Commelinoid
Acorales
Alismatales
Asparagales
Liliales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Basal and “Petaloid” Monocot Groups
Order Acorales
Acoraceae
Order Alismatales
Araceae
Alismataceae
Order Liliales
Liliaceae
Order Asparagales
Agavaceae
Alliaceae
Amaryllidacaee
Iridaceae
Orchidaceae
Basal Monocots:
Acorales: Acoraceae
• Widespread, temperate throughout tropical
regions
• Aquatic herb
• Diversity: 1-3 spp. in 1 genus (Acorus)
• Flowers: typical of Araceae, coalesced into
a spike-like spadix
• Significant features: Sister to the rest of the
monocots; contain ethereal oils.
• Special uses: (none)
• Required taxa: (none, but Acorus
evolutionarily important)
Acorus (sweet flag)–
The most basal monocot! Aquatic.
“Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales:
Araceae
(The Arum Family)
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Cosmopolitan; greatest diversity in tropical regions
Terrestrial and aquatic herbs, vines, epiphytes,
floating aquatics
Diversity: 2,830 species, 109 genera
Flowers: many, small; lacking extensive perianth,
carpels 2-3; spatially separated in inflorescence or
sometimes plants dioecious
Significant features: inflorescence – spadix subtended
by a spathe
Special uses: many ornamentals; Colocasia as food
Required taxa: *Arisaema, Lemna
* Change from lab manual!
Araceae—Arisaema
Arisaema triphyllum
Jack-in-the-pulpit
Arisaema dracontium
green dragon
Arisaema
sikokianum
-spathe overlapping below, mostly arched above,
striped or marked
-spadix usually slender and elongate
-flowers unisexual and only at the base of the spadix
Araceae
Philodendron
Monstera
Amorphophallus
Araceae: Lemna and friends
•Reduced plant body: no stem or leaves;
sometimes no roots
•Rarely flower
Lemna ~ duckweed
Alismatales: Araceae
Economic plants and products:
Colocasia esculenta
•Taro “root” or dasheen
“poi”
•10% of the world uses as
staple (starch) in diet
“Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales:
Alismataceae
(The Water Plantain Family)
• Widely distributed
• Aquatic & wetland rhizomatous herbs
• Number of species: 80 species, 11 genera
• Flowers: sepals & petals distinct, many
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apocarpous carpels
Significant features: rhizomatous
Special uses: ornamental aquatics
Required taxa: Sagittaria
Liliales: Liliaceae in the broad sense
…are a garbage can taxon.
Figure 9.14 from the text
Plus many members
of Asparagales…
“Petaloid” Monocots—Liliales:
Liliaceae
(The Lily Family)
• Widely distributed in temperate regions of
the Northern Hemisphere
• Herbs, usually with bulbs or contractile
roots
• Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 16
genera
• Flowers: tepals 6, distinct, carpels 3,
stamens 6
• Significant features: Fruit a loculicidal
capsule, sometimes a berry
• Special uses: many ornamentals
• Required taxa: Erythronium, Tulipa
Liliaceae - Lilium
Liliaceae
Erythronium
trout-lily
Liliaceae
Economic plants and products (horticultural):
Lilium
Easter lily
Tulipa
tulip
Asparagales
vs.
Liliales
• Herbs to woody;
• Herbs; not succulent
sometimes succulent
•Tepals not spotted
•Nectaries septal
•Styles usually 1, simple
•Seed coat collapsed
to + present
•Phytomelan crust
(seeds black) from dry
fruits; not in fleshy fruit
•Tepals often spotted
•Nectaries at base
of tepals/filaments
•Styles 1 (trifid) or 3
•Seed coat present
•No phytomelan crust
(seeds not black)
Figure 9.18 from the text
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Agavaceae
(The Agave Family)
• Warm temperate to tropical regions of the
New World; maximum diversity in Mexico
• Rosette herbs, often with succulent leaves
• Number of species: ca. 300 species in 8-13
genera
• Flowers: tepals 6, stamens 6, carpels 3, fruits
a loculicidal capsule
• Significant features: large, paniculate
inflorescence
• Special uses: fiber, tequila, ornamentals.
• Required taxa: Agave, Yucca, Hosta
Agavaceae – Agave and Yucca
Agave
Yucca
Agave: bat pollinated Yucca: moth pollinated
Agavaceae: Hosta
Asparagales: Agavaceae
Economic plants and products:
Agave tequila
Asparagales: Agavaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Fiber for rope from species of Yucca and Agave
e.g., sisal hemp
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Alliaceae
(Onion Family)
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Widely distributed in temperate and tropical
regions; also semiarid.
Bulb-forming herbs
Number of species: ca. 645 species, in 13 genera
Flowers: Often showy, tepals 6, stamens 6, 3
connate carpels, ovary superior; fruit a loculicidal
capsule.
Significant features: sulfur-containing compounds
Special uses: onion, garlic, leek, shallots, chives,
used as food & seasonings; ornamentals
Required taxa: Allium
Alliaceae - Allium
-scapose herbs with bulbs +
contractile roots
-basally clustered leaves
-umbellate inflorescence with
bracts
-6 petaloid tepals + 6 stamens
-loculicidal capsule + black seeds
Alliaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Allium species –
onions, leeks, garlic!
Ornamentals
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Amaryllidaceae
(Amaryllis or Daffodil Family)
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Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions;
maximal diversity in South Africa, Andean South
America, and the Mediterranean
Bulb-forming herbs with contractile roots
Number of species: 870 species in 59 genera
Flowers: often showy; tepals 6; stamens 6,
sometimes adnate to perianth; carpels 3, inferior
ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule
Significant features: special alkaloid compounds
present
Special uses: many ornamentals (Narcissus,
Hippeastrum)
Required taxa: Narcissus, Hippeastrum
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Corona sometimes present
Hymenocallis
spider-lily
Narcissus
daffodil, jonquil, narcissus
Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Iridaceae
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(The Iris Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions;
absent in Australia.
Herbs forming rhizomes, corms, or bulbs
Number of species: ca. 1,750 species, 67 genera
Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy; tepals 6, outer
tepals often differentiated from inner; stamens (2) 3;
carpels 3, fused into an inferior ovary; fruit a
loculicidal capsule
Significant features: leaves equitant
Special uses: many ornamentals; saffron (Crocus
sativus)
Required taxa: Iris
Iridaceae
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Orchidaceae
(The Orchid Family)
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Widespread throughout the world; maximal diversity in
tropical regions
Primarily epiphytes; some terrestrial herbs, occasionally vines
Diversity: ca. 19,500 species in 775-800 genera
Flowers: showy, usually resupinate, bilateral, the median inner
tepal differentiated into a labellum (lip); highly modified
androecial and gynoecial parts, fused into a column; pollen
grouped into soft or hard masses (pollinia); ovary inferior;
placentation parietal; fruit a capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6
slits; seeds tiny, dust-like
Significant features: among the most specialized of all
angiosperm flowers
Special uses: many ornamentals; Vanilla
Required taxa: *family only
*change from lab manual
Orchid
flower morphology
Orchidaceae
Pollination
•function of column
& pollinia
Asparagales: Orchidaceae
Economic plants and products:
Vanilla flavoring extracted
from immature capsules
of Vanilla planifolia