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The Monocots: Part 1 Overview, Basal, and “Petaloid” Groups Spring 2013 Figure 7.1 from the text Synapomorphies of Monocots • Root system adventitious • One cotyledon • Stems with scattered vascular bundles (no • • • • secondary growth); herbaceous Leaves parallel-veined with a sheathing base Flowers pentacyclic (5 whorls), trimerous Sieve tube member plastids with several cuneate protein crystals Lots of molecular support for monophyly Additional features of monocots • Leaves formed from the basal end of the leaf primordium • Usually with monosulcate pollen • Lack glandular teeth on leaves Monocot characters • One cotyledon! NONMONOCOT MONOCOT Monocot characters Leaves: – parallel venation in most monocots [may be reversals with net-venation!] – sheathing base Trillium Smilax Monocot characters Cuneate protein bodies in sieve cell plastids – “wedge-shaped” inclusions – function unknown Monocot characters Adventitious roots: -derived from structures other than another root Monocot characters Scattered vascular bundles in stem – numerous; actually complex organization – no vascular cambium (a few weird exceptions) Monocot characters • Pentacyclic, trimerous flowers with 2 perianth whorls and 2 whorls of stamens and the gynoecium as 1 whorl How many monocots? •ca. 3,000 genera •ca. 65,000 species •22-25% of angiosperms •Include: -aroids -bananas -lilies -gingers -orchids (20,000+ spp.) -irises -palms -grasses (10,000 spp.) Fig. 7.17 from Simpson Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid Acorales Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal and “Petaloid” Monocot Groups Order Acorales Acoraceae Order Alismatales Araceae* Alismataceae Order Liliales Liliaceae* Order Asparagales Agavaceae Alliaceae* Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae* Orchidaceae* *required families Basal Monocots: Acorales: Acoraceae • Widespread, temperate throughout tropical regions • Aquatic herb • Diversity: 1-3 spp. in 1 genus (Acorus) • Flowers: typical of Araceae, coalesced into a spike-like spadix • Significant features: Sister to the rest of the monocots; contain ethereal oils. • Special uses: none • Family not required, but Acorus evolutionarily important Acorus (sweet flag)– The most basal monocot! Aquatic. “Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales: Araceae (The Arum Family) • • • • • • • Cosmopolitan; greatest diversity in tropical regions Mainly terrestrial and some aquatic herbs, vines, epiphytes, floating aquatics Diversity: 3,300 species, 104 genera Flowers: many, small; lacking extensive perianth, carpels 2-3; if unisexual then spatially separated in inflorescence or sometimes plants dioecious Significant features: inflorescence – spadix subtended by a spathe (specialized leaf) Special uses: many ornamentals; Colocasia as food Required family Araceae—Arisaema Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema dracontium green dragon Arisaema sikokianum -Jack-in-the-pulpit is one of our common spring wildflowers Araceae Philodendron Monstera Amorphophallus (Corpse flower) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHaWu2rcP94 Araceae: Lemna and friends •Reduced plant body: no stem or leaves; sometimes no roots •Rarely flower Lemna ~ duckweed Alismatales: Araceae Economic plants and products: Colocasia esculenta •Taro “root” or dasheen “poi” •10% of the world uses as staple (starch) in diet “Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales: Alismataceae (The Water Plantain Family) • Widely distributed • Aquatic & wetland rhizomatous herbs • Number of species: 88 species, 15 genera • Flowers: sepals & petals distinct, many • • • apocarpous carpels; flowers or floral axes often whorled Significant features: rhizomatous Special uses: ornamental aquatics Family not required Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid Acorales Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Liliales • Nectaries at base of tepals • Spots on tepals • Extrorse anthers “Petaloid” Monocots—Liliales: Liliaceae (The Lily Family) • Widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere • Perennial herbs, usually with bulbs and contractile roots • Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 16 genera • Flowers: tepals 6, distinct, carpels 3, stamens 6 • Significant features: Fruit a loculicidal • • capsule, sometimes a berry; no onion-like odor Special uses: many ornamentals Required family Liliaceae - Lilium Liliaceae Erythronium trout-lily -native spring wildflower of woodlands Tulipa -scapose herbs from tunicate bulbs -leaves 2-several on a stem -perianth campanulate to cuplike -tepals 6, erect -stigma prominently 3-lobed Liliaceae Economic plants and products (horticultural): Lilium Easter lily Tulipa tulip Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid Acorales Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Asparagales vs. Liliales • Herbs to woody; • Herbs; not succulent sometimes succulent •Tepals not spotted •Nectaries septal •Style usually 1, simple •Seed coat collapsed to + present •Phytomelan crust (seeds black) from dry fruits; not in fleshy fruit •Tepals often spotted •Nectaries at base of tepals/filaments •Styles 1 (trifid) or 3 •Seed coat present •No phytomelan crust (seeds not black) Figure 7.32 from the text “Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Alliaceae • • • • • • • (Onion Family) Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; also semiarid. Bulb-forming herbs with basal, usually narrow leaves Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 13 genera Flowers: Often showy, tepals 6, stamens 6, 3 connate carpels, ovary superior; inflorescence umbellate; fruit a loculicidal capsule. Significant features: sulfur-containing compounds (onion odor) Special uses: onion, garlic, leek, shallots, chives, used as food & seasonings; ornamentals Required family Alliaceae - Allium Alliaceae Economic plants and products: •Allium species – onions, leeks, garlic! Ornamentals “Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Iridaceae • • • • • • • (The Iris Family) Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia. Perennial herbs forming rhizomes, corms, or bulbs Number of species: ca. 1,750 species, 67 genera Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy; tepals 6, outer tepals often differentiated from inner; stamens (2) 3, opposite outer tepals; carpels 3, fused into an inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal capsule Significant features: leaves unifacial or terete, equitant Special uses: many ornamentals; saffron (Crocus sativus) Required family Iridaceae diversity Iris (Greek for rainbow) -style branches broad, petaloid, terminating in paired crests anthers appressed to style branches Iris in wetland habitats “Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Orchidaceae (The Orchid Family) • • • • • • • Widespread throughout the world; maximal diversity in tropical regions Primarily epiphytes; some terrestrial herbs, occasionally vines Diversity: ca. 20,000 species in 700-800 genera Flowers: showy, usually resupinate, bilateral, the median inner tepal differentiated into a labellum (lip); highly modified androecial and gynoecial parts, fused into a column; pollen grouped into soft or hard masses (pollinia) united by a stalk into a pollinarium; ovary inferior; placentation parietal; fruit a capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6 slits; seeds tiny, dust-like Significant features: among the most specialized of all angiosperm flowers Special uses: many ornamentals; Vanilla Required family Orchid growth habits Epiphytic Terrestrial Orchid roots velamen Orchid flower morphology pollinarium Pollination •function of column & pollinia Orchidaceae http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmgKABRCZpo&feature=related Richard Dawkins talking about orchid pollination Morgan’s Sphinx Moth Endemic to Madagascar Comet Orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale) Asparagales: Orchidaceae Economic plants and products: Vanilla flavoring extracted from immature capsules of Vanilla planifolia Some other cool Asparagales Agavaceae Amaryllidaceae Agavaceae – Agave and Yucca Agave Hosta Yucca Agave: bat pollinated Yucca: moth pollinated Asparagales: Agavaceae Economic plants and products: Agave tequila Asparagales: Agavaceae Economic plants and products: •Fiber for rope from species of Yucca and Agave e.g., sisal hemp Amaryllidaceae diversity Amaryllidaceae Corona sometimes present Hymenocallis spider-lily Narcissus daffodil, jonquil, narcissus