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AP World Outline of the Umayyad Empire
I.
II.
III.
Umayyad clan as part of the Quraysh Bedouin tribe
A. They founded Mecca
B. Wealth of the Meccan merchants enhanced Ka’ba in the city
1. Ka’ba attracted people into the city – this means that the merchant have more
suckers to sell to
Umayyad Expansion
A. The expansion of the Islamic empire spread because of the weakness of the Arabs
1. Conquered in Mesopotamia, Africa and Persia
2. The land added to the Islamic Empire was controlled by Arab elites
a. They were appointed by the Umayyads
b. Didn’t really care about the people they controlled
Ali (the current Caliph) and the Umayyads
A. After Ali’s victory at the battle of the Camel in late 655 most Arab garrisons sided with
Ali against the Umayyads.
B. Umayyads center was based out of Mecca and the Provinces of Syria
C. Ali was on the verge of defeating the Umayyads in the battle of Siffin in 657when he
decided to meditate.
1. This move cost him a lot of followers
2. Umayyads regrouped their forces and added Egypt to the provences backing their
claims.
3. Mu’awiya was the new leader of the Umayyads
a. Proclaimed caliph in Jerusalem directly challenging Ali
4. A year later Ali was assassinated and the Umayyads pressured his son Hasan to
renounce his claim to Caliph
D. Decades later the Sunnis and the Shiites developed.
1. Sunnis backing the Umayyads.
2. Shiites backing Ali.
3. Sunnis and Shiites still remain to this day.
E. Tension rises between Hasayn and the Umayyads.
1. Hasayn were abandoned by clans in southern Iraq that had promised to support him
2. Hasayn and a small party were assassinated by the Umayyads in 680
3. Because of Hasayn’s murder the Shiites mounted sustained resistance against the
Umayyads.
F. Tension between The Sunnis and Shiites
1. Fighting about who should succeed Muhammad.
2. Shiites recognize none of the earlier Caliphs but Ali
3. The two sects grow farther apart with a difference in opinion about rituals laws and
beliefs.
4. Shiites have been sub-divided even more because of break off sects.
IV.
V.
The Umayyad Imperium
A. During the last half of the 7th century Muslim armies broke into central Asian and spread
Islam throughout.
B. Rivaled Buddhism.
C. By the 8th century Islam had spread down into Northwest India
D. The western Muslim armies swept through Northern Africa to take Spain and Threaten
France.
E. Muslim Warriors and Sailors dominated the Mediterranean
F. Conquered key islands like Sicily, Crete and Sardinia by the 9th century.
G. The empire spanned from Spain in the west to the Steppes of Central Asia
1. No other Empire had ever been this big since the Romans
2. None had grown this Rapidly.
H. Mecca still remaind the holy center but the politics shifted to Damascus in Syria.
1. In Damascus a Umayyad bureaucracy formed to help keep control of the vast
domain the Muslims had captured,
I. Muslim Arabs
1. Only they could be at the top of the social classes
2. Only they received a part of the booty from the ongoing conquests.
3. They comprised most of the Muslim army
a. The Umayyads kept the warriors in garrison towns so that the warriors wouldn’t
marry non Muslims and convert them limiting the number of people the
Muslims could tax.
4. Recent converts, or mawali, still had to pay property tax and sometimes they even
had to pay jizya, or the tax on non-muslims.
a. They also didn’t receive any of the booty
b. They couldn’t get positions politically or Militarily
c. Not accepted as part of the Umayyads
d. Number of converts low because of this
5. Dhimmi
a. “people of the book”
b. This originally meant Christians and Jews who had a holy book but it spread to
accommodate everyone that wasn’t Muslim.
c. They had to pay Jizya.
Family and Gender Roles in the Umayyad age
A. Women
1. They became more recognized and powerful in Islamic culture
2. Women often accompanied the military on the conquests.
3. Many hadiths were written down by the women
4. Muhammad’s wives and daughters helped compiled the Qur’an
5. Pursed careers such as scholarship law and commerce.
B. Muhammad was kind to his wives and daughters so this inspired other Muslims to be
kind to their wives too.
VI.
C. Muhammad promoted marriage instead of sexual liaisons that were once widespred.
D. Denounced adultery for men and women
E. Men allowed up to four wives
1. The Qur’an forbid multiple wives if you couldn’t support them
F. Women could not take multiple wives.
G. Muhammad allowed his daughters to choose who they married and this strengthened
the legal rights of women
H. Muhammad insisted that the bride price for marriage was to be paid to the bride
instead of her father.
Umayyad decline and fall
A. The caliphs started growing accustom to luxury and soft living.
1. This angered the Muslims because it did not follow Muhammad’s simple life style of
being very frugal.
2. This sparked revolts throughout the empire.
B. The uprising that proved to be fatal to the short lived dynasty began among the frontier
warriors.
C. Over 50,000 warriors had settled in Merv
1. They married the locals
2. They started getting mad because they were not receiving much booty from the
conquests.
3. Warriors were sent from Damascus to Merv.
a. This made the warriors that were already there very mad >:(
b. This also started a great revolt that spread over much of the eastern portion of
the empire.
4. The 50,000 warriors started marching under the black banner of the Abbasid party.
5. Abu al-Abbas led these troops to victory after victory against the Umayyads
a. He got support from the Shiites and the Mawali.
6. In 750 the Abbasid forces met the Umayyads and they won in the Battle of the River
Zab
a. This opened up the doors for them to conquer Syria and capture the Umayyad
capitol.
b. When they captured the capitol they invited all the remaining Umayyads to the
palace and slaughtered them all.
c. Only one person escaped the devastation.