Download India_ Hinduism_ and Buddhism

Early Civilizations: India; Hinduism and Buddhism
I.
India
A. Main Idea
1. Early civilization arose in the ______________ River Valley,
flourished, and then mysteriously died out. Later India’s ______
civilization developed a culture based on old and new beliefs.
B. India's Geography
1. The Indus River flows across northwest edge of Indian
______________________ —large landmass, part of a continent
2. Subcontinent includes three major geographic zones: Far north:
______________, Hindu Kush mtns., South: _____________
Plateau, and between mountains, plateau are ______________
Plains, where society first developed in India.
C. Floods and Annual Rainfall
1. Fertile region: flood deposits from Indus, ______________, and
Brahmaputra rivers enrich soil of Northern Plains, make it very
fertile.
2. Seasonal winds (known as ______________) bring rain to add
fertility to the plains.
3. Indian Monsoons: _______ in the summer, ______ in the winter.
D. Water Critical Factor
1. The people of India’s first civilizations depended upon the
monsoons to bring the water that their crops needed.
2. Monsoon rains flooded rivers; rivers deposited fertile ________.
3. Too much rain = ______________, not enough = ____________.
E. Indus Valley Civilization
1. First Civilization: Farm communities gave rise to India’s first
civilization, developed in valley of Indus River, and began _____
BC, when people first developed ______________ system.
2. Cities/Settlements: 1920s, remains of two large cities first ruins
found: _____________________ and _____________________.
The civilization was called ______________.
3. Indus Society: settlements were well planned; laid out in a ____.
F. Life in Towns and Cities
1. Life in Town and Cities: water came from community
__________ and they had public ______________ systems.
2. Walled, elevated ______________ —fortress—enclosed
buildings like granaries, warehouses
3. Homes, workshops, shrines built outside citadel; _____________
suggests ____________ authority in power.
4. Economy: based on _________________, trade; farming,
livestock.
5. In cities: _________________ in crafts - trade in nearby and
distant civilization.
II.
G. Society
1. Few Details: Had ______________ system, but can't read it;
single society? __________________?
2. Similarities: shared common __________ designs, standard set
of ______________, measures; suggest ____________ authority
in control. Civilization thrived from about 2500 BC to 2000 BC,
then began to decline
3. Decline: no one knows why - __________________ damage,
______________, ______________?
H. The Vedic Period
1. Sometime after 2000 BC, the ______________ took control of
almost all of India.
2. Origins of Aryans: they moved from area between ___________,
Black seas?; developed in ______________ India?
3. Archaeological Evidence: little remains of the early Aryan period
in India; most comes from sacred writings called the _________.
4. This period in Indian history is often called the ________ period.
I. Vedic Society
1. Vedas: people settled in ______________ smaller than cities of
Indus Valley.
2. Later groups of villages banded together under regional leaders
known as ___________ (primary war leader who was paid for
protection).
3. Social Structure: ______________: ______________ (priests),
kshatriyas (______________, rulers), ______________
(commoners), and sudras (______________).
J. Jobs and Privileges
1. Over centuries, four varnas of Vedic period divided into
hundreds of smaller ______________.
2. Membership in caste determined what ________ one could hold,
whom one could marry, and __________________.
3. ______________________ had no protection of caste law, could
perform only jobs that other castes did not
K. Vedic Religion
1. Vedas consist mostly of hymns in praise; people prayed to many
aspects of single ______________ spirit.
2. People worshipped gods through ________ sacrifices; over time
rituals became more complex and ______________ gained more
social influence.
Hinduism
A. Main Idea
1. The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a long
time in __________, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and
practices and to other religions, including __________.
B. Basic Teaching of Hinduism
1. One of the world’s __________ religions, Hinduism, is practiced
by most people in India today. Hinduism evolved over thousands
of years and was ______________ by the cultures and traditions
of many peoples. However a few fundamental teachings are
shared by nearly all Hindus.
2. Among most basic tenets of Hinduism, belief in ____________,
eternal being that created, preserves world. Brahman allencompassing. Many believe human mind incapable of
______________.
3. Hindus believe each person has atman, ____, aspect of Brahman.
Atman shapes ______________, cannot be destroyed, even by
_______
4. _______, manifestations of Brahman, active in world, helping
maintain order in nature
5. Three devas- Brahma (___________), Vishnu (_____________),
Siva (_____________) -are particularly influential. Some believe
in thousands; others worship only one as the true manifestation
of Brahman.
C. Rebirth and Salvation
1. Hindus believe universe, everyone in it, part of continual pattern
of birth, death, and rebirth. After death atman reborn in process
called ______________, or ____________.
2. Nature of person’s new life shaped by _________—sum effect of
deeds, actions - good karma, reincarnated to __________ station
in life; bad karma, _________ station in life.
3. Ultimate goal of human existence, _________, escape from cycle
of rebirth.
4. With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully with ________.
To achieve moksha is to fulfill one’s ________—spiritual duties,
obligations. By fulfilling dharma, one creates good _________,
breaks free from rebirth cycle.
D. Sacred Texts and Practices
1. Much of Hinduism’s evolution stemmed from a number of
__________ writings produced over centuries.
2. Teachings, practices based on many texts, most sorted into one
of three categories - the __________; later writings inspired by
the Vedas; sacred __________.
3. The Vedas, sacred __________ of praise, among earliest sacred
texts of Hinduism - name means “______________” in Sanskrit
4. Hindus consider Vedas to contain ___________ knowledge not
written by humans, revealed to them by Brahman
5. Parts of Vedas date back more than ________ years - considered
core of Hinduism even today
6. Upanishads ______________ reflections on the Vedas, dealing
with nature of world, meaning of life – revealed?
III.
IV.
7. Other sacred texts based on themes in the Vedas, but composed
by __________, including two __________ poems, Ramayana
and Mahabharata - each tells story, reflects on living according
to Vedic teachings.
8. Included in Mahabharata, most ___________ of all Hindu texts,
the ____________________, addressing many aspects of Hindu
belief, philosophy.
E. Hindu Religious Practices
1. Hindu beliefs ________ widely, religious practices vary as well;
worship can take place _____________ – in temples or at home.
2. To help meditate, Hindus practice series of integrated physical,
mental exercises called _________ - teaches people how to focus
bodies, minds to aid ______________, help attain moksha
3. Hindus also make ______________ to ________ River to purify,
remove bad karma
Jainism
A. Jainism
1. 500 BC, group of Hindus broke away - too much emphasis on
___________
2. People could achieve moksha by giving up ___________ things,
carefully controlling ___________
3. Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, __________________ Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually
______________
4. Jains promise to tell only ________, avoid ____________, strive
to eliminate greed, anger, ______________, gossip from lives.
These things can prevent person from achieving moksha
5. Most devout become _________, nuns, give up possessions - live
________, seek shelter only during rainy months. Cover mouths
with masks, sweep ground to ______ accidentally killing insects
6. Most Jains not monks, nuns - pledge to uphold principles of
ahimsa, have careers that do not involve harming of __________
7. Jainism calls for periodic _________, especially during festivals,
on holy days; limiting worldly possessions
Buddhism
A. Main Idea
1. Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the
______________ of the world through the Buddha’s teachings,
developed in India and spread to other parts of Asia and the
world.
B. The Life of the Buddha
1. Much of what is known about life of the Buddha from accounts
in Buddhist literature: _____________ born 500s BC - ________
of small kingdom in what is now Nepal - Led ______________
life, unaware of hardship. Life changed when learned people got
old, sick, _______
C.
D.
E.
F.
2. Gautama resolved to find way to overcome age, sickness, keep
people from ______________- age 29, gave up possessions, left
palace - sought ______________, spiritual understanding for six
years. Studied with gurus, monks but decided they could not
teach way to enlightenment. Died c. 480 BC at age ____
3. Sat under ______, no teachers, no companions, determined not to
arise until he found way. Stories say he meditated all _______
4. Resolve tested by violent storms, earthly ______________. At
daybreak, had been transformed, found enlightenment, became
the Buddha, __________________
5. Temple built where he meditated, ______________, one of
Buddhism’s most sacred places
The Teachings of Buddhism
1. After enlightenment achieved, Buddha meditated at Bodh Gaya
_______ weeks. Set out to spread to others what he had learned.
Lessons became basic teachings of Buddhism
2. Among ideas learned in meditation, central truths, called ______
______________: 1) ______________ part of human life; 2)
Suffering from people’s _________ for pleasure, material goods
3) ______________ desires during life eventually brings end to
suffering 4) Desires can be overcome by following ___________
Eightfold Path
1. Right ______, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths
2. Right __________, or striving for moderation in all things
3. Right _______, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words
4. Right _______, or treating others fairly
5. Right __________, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others
6. Right _______, or constantly trying to improve oneself
7. Right ______________, or remaining aware of world around one
8. Right ______________, or ignoring temptation and discomfort
while meditating
Worship in Buddhism
1. __________– freedom from the cycle of rebirth
2. ______________– enlightened spirits who help others achieve
Nirvana
3. __________involves images of the Buddha or bodhisattvas –
clothing, feeding, and worshipping of the image is common
4. Worship is ____________– prayer; chanting; offerings of fruit,
flowers incense
5. “You are your own refuge” – salvation comes from ________the
mind is the greatest temple
Nirvana
1. The Buddha taught that those who followed Eightfold Path could
attain nirvana.
2. State of _________ _______ in which ____ freed from suffering
forever
3. Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live through cycle of
suffering again
4. Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, ______________—living in
moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort, discomfort in search
for nirvana
G. Divisions of Buddhism
1. After the Buddha’s death, differing opinions arose concerning
the __________ teachings and practices of Buddhism – 3 main
traditions:
2. Theravada - “Way of the ________” - oldest tradition. Best way
to attain nirvana: be monk, nun, meditate. Find one path to
enlightenment; very much an ____________ religion - ________
Asia
3. Mahayana - Teaches people can _____ each other find
enlightenment - not necessary to be monk, nun. _____________,
enlightened people not yet passed to nirvana, help others ___________ Asia
4. Tibetan - Shares many ____________ teachings - also believes
special techniques can harness ________ energy, lead to nirvana
in ______ lifetime.