Download whi content review notes 2010

WORLD HISTORY I
EOC TEST
CONTENT REVIEW
NOTES FOR PARENTS
AND STUDENTS
2009-2010
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
WORLD HISTORY I CONTENT
REVIEW NOTES
STANDARDS OF LEARNING IN
DETAIL
Welcome parents and students! In May 2011, students in the ninth grade across the state of
Virginia will take the World History I End of Course Test. This test reflects the Standards
of Learning (SOLs) for grades 9-11 which comes from the World History I Standards of
Learning Framework issued by the Virginia Department of Education. The Curriculum
Framework in its entirety can be found at the following website:
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/Instruction/History/curriculum_framework_2001/hist_
8.pdf and the Standard of Learning Blueprint is below:
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
STANDARD WHI.1a,b,c,d,e,f
The student will improve skills in histroical research and geographical analysis by
a) Identifying, analyzing and interpreting primary and secondary sources to make
generalizations about events and life in world history to 1500A.D. (C.E.)
b) Using maps, globes, artifacts and pictures to analyze the physical and cultural
landscapes of the world and interpret the past to 1500 A.D. (C.E.)
c) Identifying major geographic features important to the study of world history to
1500 A.D. (C.E.)
d) Identifying and comparing political boundaries with the locations of civilizations,
empires and kingdoms from 4000B.C. (B.C.E) to 1500 A.D. (C.E.)
e) Analyzing trends in human migration and cultural interaction from prehistory to
1500 A.D. (C.E.)
f) Analyzing the impact of economic forces, including taxation, government spending,
trade, resources and monetary systems on events to 1500 A.D. (C.E.)
STANDARD WHI.2
The student will demonstrate knowledge of early development of humankind
from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gatherer societies
The life of early hunter-gatherer societies was shaped by their physical environment.
Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.
Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability
of wild plants and animals.
2b) listing characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies, including their use of
tools and fire.


Early human societies, through the development of culture, began the process of
overcoming the limits set by the physical environment.
Hunter-gatherer societies during the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
 Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter)
 Invented the first tools, including simple weapons
 Learned how to make fire
 Lived in clans
 Developed oral language
 Created "cave art"
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
2c) describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to
stable communities.
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

2d)
The beginning of settled agriculture (including permanent settlements) was a major
step in the advance of civilization.
How did the beginning of agriculture and the domestication of animals promote the
rise of settled communities?
Societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
 Developed agriculture (domesticated plants)
 Domesticated animals
 Used advanced tools
 Made pottery
 Developed weaving skills
explaining how archaeological discoveries are changing present-day
knowledge of early peoples.
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Archaeologists continue to find and interpret evidence of early humans and their
lives.
Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains,
settlements, fossils, and artifacts.
Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and
artifacts. (sometimes called radiocarbon dating)
Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during
the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.
Stonehenge
Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities in the fertile Crescent studied by
archaeologists.
Catalhoyuk is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in
Anatolia.
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW WHI.2a-d
1. What shaped how early human societies lived their lives?
2. On what continent did the first forms of man evolve?
3. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to where?
4. How did early man gain his food?
5. What is an artifact?
6. Name two characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies.
7. What is another name for the New Stone Age?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
8. What does carbon dating do?
9. Who studies past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils and
artifacts?
10. What is another name for the Old Stone Age?
11. What archaeological site in England was built during the Neolithic period and
Bronze Age?
12. Name an example of an early city.
STANDARD WHI.3
The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations,
including Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley, and China, and the
civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Nubians, by
a)
these civilizations in time and place.



During the New Stone Age, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys and
around the Fertile Crescent.
o Fertile Crescent: a geographic region from the Mediterranean coast to
Mesopotamia
River valleys provided rich soil for crops, as well as protection from invasion.
River valley civilizations (about 3500 to 500 B.C.)

Mesopotamian civilization—Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (Southwest
Asia)
* no natural barriers- open to invasion
* unpredictable flooding of rivers

Egyptian civilization—Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa)
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
* barriers on both sides of river provided
* Protection from invaders
* annual flooding- very predictable
*silt made soil rich for agriculture

Indian civilization—Indus River Valley (South Asia)
*monsoons
* advanced cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Chinese civilization—Huang He Valley (East Asia)
* AKA Yellow River

These river valleys offered rich soils and irrigation waters for agriculture, and
they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic
peoples.

 Other early civilizations (about 2000 to 500 B.C.)
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Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley
(part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia).
Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast (part of Fertile Crescent in
Southwest Asia)
Nubia was located on the upper (southern) Nile River (Africa).
3b) describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns,
including slavery.
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River valleys were the "Cradles of Civilization." Early civilizations made major
contributions to social, political, and economic progress.
Development of social patterns
 Hereditary rulers (dynasties of kings, pharaohs or rulers of Egypt)
 Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted
Development of political patterns
 World’s first states (city-states, kingdoms, empires)
 Centralized government (often based on religious authority)
 Written law codes (Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi)
* Hammarabi’s Code= Eye for an Eye andTooth for
a Tooth - -punishments varied according to social
class
Development of economic patterns
 Metal tools and weapons (bronze, iron)
 Increasing agricultural surplus (better tools, plows, irrigation)
o Allows for specialized workers to form: people who do work
according to their skills
 Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phoenicians)
* Phoenicians traded along ports of the Med Sea
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
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
3c)
Development of the world’s first cities
Development of the practice of slavery in the ancient world among most
cultures, taking various forms
explaining the development of religious traditions.
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Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations.
Development of religious traditions
 Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations.
 Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews.
* Hebrews AKA Jews AKA Israelites
3d) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of
Judaism.

The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam—religions that changed the world.
The Hebrews
were the first to become monotheists.

Origins of Judaism
remembered as
 Abraham –
the father of Judaism
of Egyptian slavery and received
 Moses - led Jews out
the Ten
Commandments
 Jerusalem- holy city
Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism
 Belief in one God (monotheism)
 Torah, which contains written records and beliefs of Jews ( first 5 books of
Old Testament)
 Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct
Spread of Judaism
 Exile
 Diaspora ( scattering of Jewish tribes)
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
3e)
explaining the development of language and writing.
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
Language and writing were important cultural innovations.
Language and writing
 Pictograms (earliest written symbols)
 Hieroglyphics (Egypt)

Cuneiform (Sumer)
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Alphabet (Phoenicians) ( just remember Hooked on Phonics)
Questions for review WHI.3a-e
1. What did river valleys provide for early civilizations?
2. The area from the Mediterranean coast to Mesopotamia is called what?
3. Egypt is located next to what river?
4. What river valley civilization was located in India?
5. On what continent is Mesopotamia located?
6. On what river was China’s river civilization located?
7. What is a dynasty?
8. People who do work according to their skills are practicing what?
9. What type of religion did the Hebrews follow?
10. What is the holy city of the hebrews (Jews)?
11. Who is considered to be the father of Judaism?
12. Who received the ten commandments?
13. Who led the Jews out of Egypt?
14. What civilization used hieroglyphics?
15. What civilization developed the alphabet as we know it?
16. What civilization used cuneiform?
17. Who ruled Egypt?
18. Where was Nubia located?
19. True or False: Most river valley civilizations had a rigid class system.
STANDARD WHI.4
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India,
and China in terms of chronology, geography, social structures, government,
economy, religion, and contributions to later civilizations by
a)
describing Persia, with emphasis on the development of an imperial
bureaucracy.
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Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations, Persia developed the
largest empire in the world.
Zoroastrianism was the main Persian religion, although other religions were tolerated.
Persians Empire
 Tolerance of conquered peoples
 Development of imperial bureaucracy (king appoints people to govern for him
locally)
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn


Road system (Royal Road)
Zoroastrianism
- Religion of Persia
- Belief in two opposing forces in the universe
Questions for review WHI.4a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Persian civilization developed from what previous civilizations?
How did the Persians treat the people they conquered?
What is a bureaucracy?
What religion did the Persians follow?
What did the Persians do to improve communication and trade in their empire?
Who had the largest empire in the ancient world before Alexander the Great?
What was the basis of Zoroastrianism?
STANDARD WHI.5
The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its
impact on Western civilization by
a)
assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and
political development, including the impact of Greek commerce and
colonies.
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
The physical geography of the Aegean Basin and its mountainous terrain shaped the
economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization.
The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread
of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas.
Dardanelles
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
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Location and place
 Aegean Sea
 Balkan and Peloponnesus peninsulas, Europe, Asia Minor
 Mediterranean Sea
 Black Sea, Dardanelles
 Athens, Sparta, Troy
 Macedonia
Economic and social development
 Agriculture (limited arable land) – had to form colonies to find arable land to
grow food to feed population
 Commerce and the spread of Hellenic (Greek) culture
 Shift from barter to money economy (coins)
Political development
 Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states.
 Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life. (a mild
climate promoted civic life outdoors)
 Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land.
Questions for review WHI5a
1. What geographic feature shaped the economic, social and political development of
Greece?
2. How did the Greeks spread the Hellenic culture?
3. What is the sea located east of Greece?
4. What is the sea located south of Greece?
5. What strait leads to the Black Sea?
6. How did the geography of Greece affect politics in the civilization?
7. Greeks practiced barter, but later changed over to what?
8. Why did the Greeks form colonies?
9. What geographical feature isolated and hindered development of Greek city-states?
10. Why was agriculture limited in ancient Greece?
5b)
describing Greek mythology and religion.
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Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture,
politics, and art in ancient Greece.
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images
come from ancient Greek mythology.
Greek mythology
 Based on polytheistic religion
 Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events
Greek gods and goddesses
 Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite
Zeus- King of all gods
Hera- Zeus’ wife
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Apollo- god of healing
Artemis- god of the wilderness
Athena –goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty
Symbols and images in Western literature, art, and architecture
Questions for review WHI5b
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5c)
The Greeks practiced what kind of religion?
List three things Greek mythology explained.
Why is Greek mythology still important today?
What did Zeus represent?
What did Artemis represent?
What did Apollo represent?
What did Athena represent?
Who was Hera?
What did Aphrodite represent?
identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the
significance of citizenship and the development of democracy, and
comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta.

Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had
ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision-making. It became a
foundation of modern democracies.
 Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens
(democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy).
 Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis
 Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic
participation in government.
 Women and foreigners had no political rights.
 Slaves had no political rights.
 Athens = artsy and individualistic
 Stages in evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny,
democracy
 Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco, Solon
Draco – made laws to protect personal proerty with harsh punishments
Solon- made debt slavery illegal
 Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of
the citizen – the duty of every citizen was to protect the polis
 Sparta = strict, disciplined and centered on military
 Oligarchy (rule by a small group)
 Rigid social structure
 Militaristic and aggressive society
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Questions for review WHI.5c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5d)
What city-state had the most democratic government of its time?
Who were considered to be Greek citizens?
What responsibility did Greek citizens have?
What three groups had no political power?
What kind of government was ruled by one family who inherited power?
Name two Greek tyrants and describe their biggest accomplishments.
What city-state had a direct democracy?
Which city-state had a militaristic and aggressive society?
Which city-state had an oligarchy?
evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
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The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.
Competition between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece helped cause the
Peloponnesian War.
Importance of Persian Wars (499-449 B.C. {B.C.E.})
 Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire. - - * this is
the only time the Greek city states manged to unify to defend Greece
 Spartan loss at Thermopylae did not hinder Greek victory. Athens was
victorious over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis which left Greeks in
control of the Aegean Sea.
 Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government
and culture.
Importance of Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.{B.C.E.})
 Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world—Athens and the
Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
 Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political
power
Questions for review WHI.5d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Which wars united Athens and Sparta against an external enemy?
What was a result of the Persian Wars for Athens?
Name two battles of the Persian Wars.
A result of the Persian War for the Greeks was control of what sea?
Which came first – Peloponnesian or Persian?
What was the alliance headed by Athens?
What was was caused by competition between Athens and Sparta for control of the
Greek world?
8. What war caused a slowing of culture and a weakening of political power in Greece?
5e)
5f)
characterizing life in Athens during the Golden Age of Pericles;
citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture,
science, mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato,
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
and Aristotle.
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Athenian culture, during the Classic Era, became one of the foundation stones of
Western civilization.
Golden Age of Pericles (mostly occurring between the Persian and the
Peloponnesian Wars)
 Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice.
 Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; the Parthenon is
an example of this reconstruction
Parthenon in Athens

Contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization
 Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles
 Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey)
 History: Herodotus, Thucydides
 Sculpture: Phidias (designed the Parthenon and sculpted the statue of
Athena)
 Architecture: Types of columns included Doric (Parthenon), Ionian, and
Corinthian

Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates (father of medicine)

Archimedes Screw – Archimedes also developed
the lever and a pulley
Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras - - Euclid is the father of geometry.

Pythagorean Theorem
Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Questions for review WHI.5e,f
1. Who was Pericles?
2. Who rebuilt Athens after the Persian Wars?
3. What building was rebuilt after the Persian Wars?
4. The Golden Age of Pericles was between what two wars?
5. Who wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey?
6. Nmae two Greek dramatic playwrights?
7. Name the two most famous Greek historians.
8. Who was the Greek sculptor who created the statue of Athena in the Parthenon?
9. Who was the Greek who developed the lever and the pulley?
10. What kind of columns are on the Parthenon?
11. Sketch the three types of Greek columns.
12. Name the three Greek philosophers.
13. Who developed a theory about right triangles?
14. Who is the father of geometry?
5g) explaining the conquest of Greece by Macedonia and the formation and
spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great.

The Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses
during the Peloponnesian Wars.
 Alexander the Great adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences
throughout his vast empire.
 Phillip II, King of Macedon
 Conquered most of Greece
 Alexander the Great (he was tutored as a young boy by the great Aristotle –
who instilled in him a love for Greece)
 Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India
 Extended Greek cultural influences
 Alexander carried out his fathers plan of defeating Persia for ganging up on
the Greek city-states
 Hellenistic Age
 Blend of Greek and oriental (Persian and Indian) elements
 Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade
Questions for review WHI.5g
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What war made it easier for the Macedonians to conquer Greece?
What Macedonian conquered most of Greece?
Name three areas controlled by Alexander the Great.
Who tutored Alexander the Great?
What did Alexander the Great spread?
Who conquered the Persian Empire and most of the ancient world?
How did Hellenistic culture spread?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
8. What was Hellenistic culture?
STANDARD WHI.6
The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C.
( B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
a)
assessing the influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and
political development.
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

The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to
extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin.
The Italian peninsula was protected by the sea and an arc of mountains, the Alps.
Location and place
 Rome—Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern
Mediterranean powers
 Italian Peninsula
 Alps—Protection (from possible invasions)
 Mediterranean Sea—Protection, sea-borne commerce
 Rome was a great place for a civilization/empire because of its strategic
location and fertile soil
The Italian Peninsula
Questions for review WHI.6a
1. Where was Rome located?
2. Name two advantages of Rome’s location.
3. What protected Italy from northern invaders?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
4. What protected Italy on all other sides?
5. On what continent is Italy located?
6. What advantages did the Mediterranean Sea provide for Rome?
6b)
describing Roman mythology and religion.
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Roman mythology, like Greek mythology, was based upon a polytheistic religion that
was integral to culture, politics, and art.
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images
come from ancient Roman mythology.
Roman mythology
 Based on the Greek polytheistic religion
 Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events
Roman gods and goddesses
 Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus
Jupiter – king of all gods
Juno- Jupiter’s wife
Apollo- god of music, light, poetry, etc
Diana –goddess of the hunt/wilderness
Minerva –goddess of wisdom and wariors
Venus- goddess of love and beauty
 Symbols and images in literature, art,and architecture
Questions for review WHI.6b
1. What type of religion did Rome follow?
2. How has Roman mythology influenced western art and culture?
3. Name three things Roman mythology explained.
4. Roman mythology was based on what?
5. What did Jupiter represent?
6. What did Juno represent?
7. What did Apollo represent?
8. What did Venus represent?
9. What did Diana represent?
10. What did Minerva represent?
c)
explaining the social structure and role of slavery, significance of
citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of
the Roman Republic.


Although women, most aliens (non-Romans living in the Republic), and slaves were
excluded from the governing process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the
development of representative democracy, which became a foundation of modern
democracy.
Social structure in the Roman Republic
 Patricians—Powerful nobility (few in number)
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn


 Plebeians—Majority of population
 Slaves—Not based on race
Citizenship
 Patrician and plebeian men
 Selected foreigners
 Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service)
Features of Democracy
 Representative democracy (vote for Senators who represent us in govt)
 Assemblies
 The Senate
 Consuls
 Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables (The plebeians demanded the laws
be written down and posted publicly for fairness)
 The tribunes were the elected representatives for the plebeians
Questions for review 6c
1. Name three groups in Roman society who had no rights.
2. Non-Romans living in the Roman republic were called what?
3. What was the highest Roman social class and who was in it?
4. Roman slavery was not based on what?
5. The majority of Rome’s population was what class?
6. Who had the privilege of voting in Rome?
7. Name two responsibilities of Roman citizenship.
8. What kind of democracy did Rome have?
9. The written laws of Rome were called what?
10. Who were the representatives for the plebeians?
6d)
sequencing events leading to Roman military domination of the
Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman
culture in these areas.
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
After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100
years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman
culture.
Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage (264-146 B.C. {B.C.E})
 Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade.
 Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula. (Went to Spain and over the Alps
mountains with elephants)
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn


Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and
expanded trade and wealth for Rome. (after the defeat of Carthage – Rome
was unchallenged in the Mediterranean Sea)
Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture
 Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of
the Eastern Mediterranean)
 Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles)
Questions for review WHI.6d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Punic Wars were fought between ________ and _____________.
Who invaded the Italian Peninsula during the Second Punic War?
Who won the Punic Wars?
The Third Punic War resulted in the destruction of ___________.
Rome’s victory in the Punic Wars led to the diffusion of what?
6e) assessing the impact of military conquests on the army, economy, and
social structure of Rome.
6f)
assessing the roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar in the collapse of the
Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs.

The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions,
succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire.
 Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic
 Spread of slavery in the agricultural system (latifundia owners AKA
plantation owners)
 Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment
 Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
 Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation (your money doesn’t buy as much
as it used to buy!)
 The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome
 First triumvirate
 Julius Caesar—Seizure of power, assassination
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
assassination of Julius Caesar by members of
the Senate - - Ides of march
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

Augustus Caesar—Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor
Empire—Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military
Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors
Questions for review WHI.6e,f
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
6g)
Name four causes for the decline of the Roman Republic.
What replaced the Roman republic?
Define inflation.
Who was in the First Triumvirate?
A civil war broke out between the Roman Senate and who?
What two things did Rome use to unify and enlarge its empire?
What was one weakness of the Roman political system?
What happened to Julius Caesar?
Who was the first emperor of Rome?
explaining the economic, social, and political impact of the Pax Romana.





Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by
law, a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire.
Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace and
prosperity known as the Pax Romana.
The Pax Romana
 Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule
 Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East
Economic impact of the Pax Romana
 Established uniform system of money(denarius), which helped to expand trade
 Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads
 Promoted prosperity and stability
Social impact of the Pax Romana
 Returned stability to social classes
 Increased emphasis on the family
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Political impact of the Pax Romana
 Created a civil service
 Developed a uniform rule of law
Questions for review WHI.6g
1. Name three things Augustus Caesar instituted when he established the
Roman Empire.
2. What was the Pax Romana?
3. What emperor established the Pax Romana?
4. Name three effects of the Pax Romana on the economy.
5. What effect did a uniform system of money have on the Pax Romana?
6. Name two social impacts of the Pax Romana.
6h) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of
Christianity.




The followers of Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, bringing it
into conflict with Roman polytheism and eventually changing Western civilization.
Origins of Christianity
 Had its roots in Judaism
 Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah
 Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire
Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity
 Monotheism
 Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God
 Life after death
 New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well
as writings of early Christians
 Christian doctrine established by early church councils
Spread of Christianity
 Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire
 Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities (martyrdom – being
willing to sacrifice your life for your religious beliefs)
 Adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine
Questions for Review WHI.6h
1. Christianity was based on what religion?
2. Who was proclaimed the Messiah?
3. Why did the Romans persecute Christians?
4. Name three basic beliefs of Christianity.
5. What was the holy book for Christians?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
6. Who established early Christian doctrine?
7. What was the goal of the apostles?
8. What does the New Testament contain?
9. Who was the first Christian emperor?
10.Who legalized Christianity?
11.How did the Romans treat the Christians?
6i) explaining the development and significance of the Church in the late
Roman Empire.


As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church in Rome grew in importance,
membership, and influence.
Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire





Church became a source of moral authority.
The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal.
Christianity later became the official state religion.
Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor.
The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.
Questions for review WHI.6i
1. Who became the moral authority of the late Roman Empire?
6j)
listing contributions in art and architecture, technology and science,
literature and history, language, religious institutions, and law.



Conquests and trade spread Roman cultural and technological achievements
throughout the Empire.
Western civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome.
Contributions of ancient Rome
 Art/architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum
Colosseum
Roman Panthenon
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Technology: Roads ( Appian Way), aqueducts, Roman arches
Aqueduct ( featuring arches)






Science: Ptolemy (astronomy)
Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system;
medical schools)
Language: Latin, Romance languages ( languages that started from latin)
Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid
Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion
Law: The principle of "innocent until proven guilty" (from the Twelve Tables)
Questions for review WHI.6j
1. The Appian Way is an example of _______________.
2. This carried water to Roman cities.
3. Most Roman buildings have this architectural feature-4. Name three examples of public health in Rome.
5. What language was spoken in Rome?
6. Languages that originatedf rom latin are called _______ languages.
7. Who wrote The Aeneid?
8. What principle of law originated f rom the Twelve Tables and is used in
our society today?
6k) citing the reasons for the decline and fall of the Western Roman
Empire.


Over a 300-year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined
because of internal and external problems.
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
 Economy—The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency
 Geographic size-- difficulty of defense and administration
 Military—Army membership starting to include non- Romans, resulting in
decline of discipline
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn




Moral decay—People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
Political problems—Civil conflict and weak administration
Invasion—Attacks on borders
THE BIG IDEA HERE IS THAT ROME FELL FOR A VARIETY OF
REASONS – NOT JUST ONE!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Division of Roman Empire
 Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it
Constantinople
 Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D.{C.E.}, when it ceased to
have a Roman Emperor
 Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
Questions for review WHI.6k
1. Why did the Western Roman Empire fall?
2. Name two economic factors that led to the fall of Rome.
3. True or False. Several factors caused the fall of the Roman Empire.
4. What was the result of including non-Romans in the army?
5. Name two factors that increased Rome’s political weakness.
6. Who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium?
7. What became Byzantium’s new name?
8. What did the Eastern Roman Empire become?
STANDARD WHI.7
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia
from about 300 to 1000 A.D. {C.E.} by
a)
explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the
Eastern Roman Empire.

The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide
political, economic, and military advantages.
 Location of Constantinople
 Protection of the eastern frontier
 Distance from Germanic invasions in the western empire
 Crossroads of trade
 Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural harbor
 Role of Constantinople
 Seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest
 Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture
 Center of trade
Questions for review WHI.7a
1. Name four advantages of Constantinople’s location.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
2. What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
3. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve what cultures?
7b)
identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of
Roman law, and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and
economy.



As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of
Western Europe.
Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity.
Byzantine Emperor Justinian
 Codification of Roman law (impact on European legal codes)
 Reconquest of former Roman territories
 Expansion of trade
Questions for review WHI.7b
1. Who codified Roman law?
2. Under which emperor did the Byzantine empire reach its height of
culture and prosperity?
3. Which is the most important contribution of Emperor Justinian? Why?
7c)
characterizing Byzantine art and architecture, and the preservation of
Greek and Roman traditions.



Greek Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to
develop a unique style of art and architecture.
Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine achievements in art and architecture
 Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power
 Icons (religious images)

Byzantium Icon
Mosaics in public and religious structures
A mosaic – in churches and govt buildings in
Constantinople
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church)
Hagia Sophia in Constantinople

Byzantine culture
 Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions
 Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West)
 Greek Orthodox Christianity
 Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries
Questions for review WHI.7c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7d)
What enabled a distinct Byzantine art and architecure to develop?
What are the religious images of the Byzantine Empire?
What is a mosaic?
Where were mosaics used?
What is the name of the domed church in Constantinople?
explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic
Church and the Greek Orthodox Church.

The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire
weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.
 Eastern Church
 Centered in Constantinople
 Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital
 Use of Greek language in Church services
 Western Church
 Centered in Rome
 Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital
 Use of Latin language in Church services
 Division between Western and Eastern Churches
 Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West
 Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the East
 Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Questions for review WHI.7d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What weakened the unity of the Chrisitian Church?
Where was the Eastern Church centered?
What language did the Eastern Church use?
What language did the Western Church use?
Where was the Western church centered?
Who was accepted as the leader of the Western Church?
Who accepted the practice of celibacy?
What happened as a result of the differences between the eastern and western
churches?
7e) mapping and assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on
Russia and Eastern Europe.


Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through
its religion, culture, and trade.
Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia
 Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea
 Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe
 Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic
alphabet) Cyrillic alphabet designed to teach the Slavs Christianity without
having to teach them Greek
 Church architecture and religious art
Questions for review WHI.7e
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What civilization influenced Eastern Europe and Russia?
What church did Russia and Eastern Europe adopt?
How did Eastern Europe and Russia come into contact with the Byzantine Empire?
Who developed the Slavic alphabet?
What civilization influenced Russian architecture and art?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Content Review Notes 2nd Semester
Trade in the Eastern Hemisphere and Africa
STANDARD WHI.10
The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the
Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns by
10a) locating major trade routes.
During the Medieval Period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern
Hemisphere. These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 A.D. (C.E.)
 Silk roads across Asia to the Mediterranean basin
 Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean
 Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
 Northern European links with the Black Sea
 Western European sea and river trade
 South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia
10b) identifying technological advances and transfers, networks of economic
interdependence, and cultural interactions.

Regional trade networks and long-distance trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere
aided the diffusion and exchange of technology and culture between Europe, Africa,
and Asia.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Goods
 Gold from West Africa
 Spices from lands around
the Indian Ocean
 Textiles from India,
China, the Middle East,
and later Europe
 Porcelain from China and
Persia
 Amber from the Baltic
region
Technology
 Paper from China through
the Muslim world to
Byzantium and Western
Europe
 New crops from India (e.g.,
for making sugar)
 Waterwheels and
windmills
 Navigation—Compass
from China, lateen sail
from Indian Ocean
Ideas
 Spread of religions
across the
hemisphere
 Buddhism from
China to Korea
and Japan
 Hinduism and
Buddhism from
India to Southeast
Asia
 Islam into West
Africa, Central and
Southeast Asia
 Printing and paper
money from China
Questions for Review 10 a,b
Match the goods, techonogy, or dieas to where it came from. You will use each answer
more than once.
________1.
Paper Money
A. Indian Ocean
________2.
Paper
B. India
________3.
Crops to produce Sugar
C. China
________4.
Compas
D. Persia
________5.
Lateen sail
E. Baltic Region
________6.
Printing
F. Africa
________7.
Procelain
________8.
Amber
________9.
Gold
________10.
Buddhism
________11.
Hinduism
10d) describing east African kingdoms of Axum and Zimbabwe and west
African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in terms of
geography, society, economy, and religion.



African civilizations developed in sub-Saharan, west, and east Africa.
Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African
civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere.
States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana,
Mali, and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in southern
Africa.
Axum
 Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Christian kingdom
Zimbabwe
 Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean
coast
 City of "Great Zimbabwe" as capital of a prosperous empire
West African kingdoms
 Location of Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires relative to Niger River and the
Sahara
 Importance of gold and salt to trans-Saharan trade
 City of Timbuktu as center of trade and learning
 Role of animism (Belief that spirits inhabit everything) and Islam
Questions for Review 10d
1. What is the area south of the Sahara Desert called?
2. What brought important economic, cultural, and relgious influene to African
civilizations?
3. Christianity was the main relgion of what African kingdom?
4. What were the main products of the Trans-Saharan trade?
5. What city was a center of trade and learning in West Africa?
6. What is animism?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
India
STANDARD WHI.4
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India,
and China in terms of chronology, geography, social structures, government,
economy, religion, and contributions to later civilizations by
10b) describing India, with emphasis on the Aryan migrations and the caste
system.





Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and spread to the Ganges
River Valley, then through the Indian subcontinent. It continued with little
interruption because of its geographic location.
Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made
invasion more difficult.
Mountain passes (Khyber Pass) in the Hindu Kush provided invasion routes into the
Indian subcontinent.
The Indus and Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent.
The Indo-Aryan people invaded the area, creating a rigidly structured society (caste
system) blended with native beliefs.
Aryans (Indo-Aryans)
 Migration, assertion of dominance
 Rigid caste system (hereditary), which influenced all social interactions and
choices of occupations
 Indus River Valley civilization examples--Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
 During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant
contributions to world civilization.
Gupta Empire
 Golden age of classical Indian culture
 Contributions— Mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (setting
bones), astronomy (concept of a round earth), new textiles, literature
Mauryan Empire - Asoka
 Continued political unification of much of India
Contributions: Spread of Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, good roads
10c) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of
Hinduism.


Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.
Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today.
Hinduism
 Caste system in religious law based on occupations
 Belief in many forms of one major deity
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
 Reincarnation: Cycles of rebirth -Rebirth based upon karma

Spread along major trade routes
 Karma: Future reincarnation based on present behavior
Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future
consequences
 Vedas and Upanishads: Sacred writings
10d) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs,
and spread of Buddhism.

Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of India that is in presentday Nepal.
 Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asia.
Buddhism
 Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
 Four Noble Truths: All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow
 Eightfold Path to Enlightenment: The only cure for suffering is to follow the
Eightfold Path, a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of
harsh self-denial.
 Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism
Figure 1 Di-butsu-Buddha
Statue, Japan
from India to China and other parts of Asia.
Questions for Review 4 b,c & d
1. Who invaded and conquered the original Indus River Valley civilization?
2. Name 3 geographic barrier which made invading India harder.
3. Through what mountain range did invaders reach India?
4. What did the caste system influence?
5. What religion believes in one major deity who takes many forms?
6. The Indian cycle of rebirth is called _______________________.
7. Define Karma.
8. What are the sacred writings of Hinduism?
9. What religions did Siddhartha Gautama found?
10. Siddhartha Gautama is also called the __________________.
11. What does a Buddhist have to do to gain Enlightenment?
12. Who sent missionaries to spread Buddhism throughout Asia?
13. What are the 2 basic beliefs of Buddhism?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
China
STANDARD WHI.4
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India,
and China in terms of chronology, geography, social structures, government,
economy, religion, and contributions to later civilizations by
4e)
describing China, with emphasis on the development of an empire and
the construction of the Great Wall;
Figure 2 Great Wall of China





Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was
geographically isolated. Invaders entered China from the North. The Great Wall was
built for China’s protection.
Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. The Great Wall was
built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions.
China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties.
Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven
only as long as their rule was just.
The Silk Roads facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far
away as Rome.
Contributions of classical China
 civil service system: branches of public service concerned with all
governmental administrative functions outside the armed services.
Example: Postal Workers
 paper
 porcelain
 silk
4f)
describing the impact of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. Of Chinese contributions to civilization,
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted.
Contributions of Confucianism in forming the social order in China
 Belief that humans are good, not bad
 Respect for elders
 Code of politeness, still used in Chinese society today
 Emphasis on education
 Ancestor worship

Contributions of Taoism (Daoism) in forming Chinese culture and
values
 Humility
 Simple life and inner peace
 Harmony with nature
 Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism
and Taoism.
Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia.
Figure 3 Yin & Yang
Questions for review 4 e, f
1. What is another name for the Huang He River?
2. Migratory invaders entered China through ___________________________________.
3. Why was the Great Wall built?
4. Who built the Great Wall?
5. What 2 religions did China contribute?
6. The ruling families of China were called ____________________________________.
7. Chinese rulers served under the authority of what?
8. What connected China to cultures as far away as Rome?
9. What fabric did China contribute to the world?
10. What represents opposites in Taoism and Confucianism?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Japan
Figure 4 Tori Gate, symbol of Shintoism
STANDARD WHI.10
The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the
Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns
10c) describing Japan, with emphasis on the impact of Shinto and Buddhist
traditions and the influence of Chinese culture.



Japanese cultural development was influenced by proximity to China.
Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture.
Location and place
 Mountainous Japanese archipelago (four main islands)
o Archipelagao: large grouping of islands
 Sea of Japan or East Sea between Japan and Asian mainland
 Proximity to China and Korea

Influence of Chinese culture
 Writing
 Architecture
 Buddhism

Shinto
 Ethnic religion unique to Japan
 Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors
 State religion; worshipping the emperor
 Coexistence with Buddhism
Questions for Review 10c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What 2 religions coexist in Japan?
What is an archipelago?
How did China influence Japanese culure?
What is the ethnic religion of Japan?
Who do the Japanese worship as part of their religion?
True/False A person cannot be a follower of both Shintoism and Buddhism.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Americas
STANDARD WHI.11
The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western
Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by
a)
describing geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of
development in terms of climate and physical features.
b)
describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures.

The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central
America, and Mexico.
Maya
Time
Location
Represented
by major city
Government
Economy
Religion
Achievements
Photo
AD 250- AD 900
Mexican and Central American
rain forest
Chichén Itzá
Aztec
AD 1168-AD 1524
Arid valley in central Mexico
Tenochtitlan
Inca
AD 1200-AD 1533
Andes Mountains of South
America
Machu Picchu
city-states ruled by a king
agriculture and trade
Polytheistic religion—Pyramids
Emperor
Agriculture
Polytheistic religion, based on
warfare—Pyramids
emperor
high-altitude agriculture
Polytheistic religion
Pyramids
Pyramids
Road System

Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations
 Calendars
 Mathematics
 Writing system and other record keeping systems
picture of Machu Picchu
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
picture of Tenochtitlan.
Questions for Review 11 a,b
1. Where was the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilization located? Who ruled Mayan citystates?
2. Who ruled the Aztecs and Incas?
3. What was the main city of the Incas?
4. Compare and Contrast the economy base of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
5. What advancements did the Incans achieve?
6. What type of religion did the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas have?
7. Name 3 contributions of the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas.
Islamic Civilization
STANDARD WHI.8
The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about
600 to 1000 A.D. by
8a) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam.






The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic
faith.
Muhammad and his followers spread Islam.
Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct
Muslim culture.
Origins of Islam
 Muhammad, the Prophet
 Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities
Spread of Islam
 Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain
 Geographic extent of first Muslim empire
Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam
 Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for "God")
 Quran (Koran): The holy book of Islam or word of God
 Five pillars of Islam:
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Creed: “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his Prophet.”
Prayer: 5 times a day facing Mecca
Alms to the poor
Fast during Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca for those financially and physically able.(picture
below)
Figure 5 Kaaba, Sacred religious site in Mecca

Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus
Questions for Review 8a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8b)
Who founded Islam?
What type of religion is Islam? Monotheistic or Polytheisitic
What are the two holy cities in Islam and where are they located?
What does Allah mean?
What is the holy book of Islam?
Name 3 of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Name 3 of prophets Muslims believe in.
assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and
political development, including the impact of conquest and trade.

In the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly,
overcoming geographic barriers, and weakened political empires.
 Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual
activity.
 Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam
 Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina
 Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers
 Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak
Byzantine and Persian empires
 Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development
 Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived.
 Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

8c)
Slavery was not based on race.
identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and
influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a
division, and the Battle of Tours.


Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic
civilization.
Historical turning points
 Death of Ali caused Sunni-Shi’a division
o Sunni: The largest sect of Muslims who believe that it is NOT
necessary for the leader of Islam to be a direct descendant of
Muhammad.
o Shi’a or Shi’ite: The second largest sect of Muslims who believe that
the leader of Islam must be a direct blood descendant of Muhammad.
 Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus
 Islamic capital moved to Baghdad
 Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours halting the spead of Islam into Europe
 Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols
8d) citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic
civilization.


Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts
that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
Cultural contributions and achievements
 Architecture (Dome of the Rock)
Figure 6 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem




Mosaics
Arabic alphabet
Universities
Translation of ancient texts into Arabic
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Scientific contributions and achievements
 Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero
 Algebra
 Medicine
 Expansion of geographic knowledge
Questions for Review 8 b, c, d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Name 2 geographic barriers Muslims overcame to spread their religion.
Islam spread along what type of routes?
What did a common language help Muslims do?
Slavery in Muslim countries was not based on__________________________________--.
What are the 2 divisions of Islam? Why did this occur?
What battled “saved” Europe from the Muslims?
How did Baghdad fall?
What mosque is in Jerusalem?
Where did Arabic numerals originally come from?
What do you think is the greatest achievement of Islamic Civilization?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Rise of Medieval Europe
STANDARD WHI.9
The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western
Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to
1000 A.D. in terms of its impact on Western
civilization by
9a)
sequencing events related to the spread and influence of Christianity
and the Catholic Church throughout Europe.




The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It
became the unifying force in western Europe.
During the Middle Ages, the Pope anointed the Emperors, missionaries carried
Christianity to the Germanic tribes, and the Church served the social, political, and
religious needs of the people.
Foundations of early medieval society
 Classical heritage of Rome
 Christian beliefs
 Customs of Germanic tribes
Influence of the Roman Catholic Church
 Secular authority declined, while church authority grew.
 Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements.
 Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes.
 Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.)
 Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people.
9b) explaining the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and
political effects.



The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection
against invasion, so they entered into feudal agreements with land-holding lords who
promised them protection.
Invasions shattered Roman protection over the Empire.
Feudal society during the Middle Ages
 Fief: land granted to a vassel
 Vassals: pledged military service and loyalty in return for land
 Serfs: peasant tied to the land in return for protection
 Feudal obligations
o Required vassels to provide protection in return for land
o Serfs must provide labor in the fields, town, and castle to their vassel
in return for protection.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

Manorial system during the Middle Ages


9c)
explaining the rise of Frankish kings, the Age of Charlemagne, and the
revival of the idea of the Roman Empire.



9d)
Rigid class structure: King, Lord, Vassel, Serf
Self-sufficient manors: All goods and services were provided at the manor
giving little reason to leave.
Frankish kings used military power to expand their
territory.
The alliance between Frankish kings and the church
reestablished Roman culture in Western Europe.
Age of Charlemagne
 Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe.
 Pope crowned the Emperor.
 Power of the church was established in political
life.
 Roman culture was reinterpreted.
 Most of western Europe was included in the new empire.
 Churchs, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire.
sequencing events related to the invasions, settlements, and influence of
migratory groups, including Angles, Saxons,
Figure 7 Notre Dame, Paris
Magyars, and Vikings.


Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic,
and political order of Europe.
Areas of settlement
 Angles and Saxons from continental Europe to England
 Magyars from Central Asia to Hungary
 Vikings from Scandinavia to Russia
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings
Barbarian Invasions
Manors with castles
provided protection
against invaders
Disrupted trade
Reinforced the feudal
system
Towns declined
Feudal system
Strengthened
Questions for Review 9 a-d
1. What was the main unifying force in wesern Europe after the fall of Rome?
2. Who appointed Charlemagne Emperor?
3. What needs of the people did the Roman Catholic Chruch serve?
4. Name the 3 foundations of early medieval society.
5. What 2 things did Christian missionaries brought to Germanic tribes?
6. Why did medieval Europe turn to feudalism?
7. A ______________ is the land a vassal received from a lord.
8. A perosn who owed loyalty to a lord was a ______________________.
9. A person who worked for a vassal was a ________________________.
10. What did manors try to be?
11. The Church allied with whom to reestablish Roman culture in Western Europe?
12. Who was invading Europe?
13. Name 3 results of the Germanic invasions on medieval Europe.
STANDARD WHI.12
The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political
changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by
12a) describing the emergence of nation-states (England, France, Spain, and
Russia) and distinctive political developments in each.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn

European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late
medieval period.

England
 William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of
England.
 Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II.
o Common law: Laws based upon customs and judge’s decisions rather
than upon written codes.
 King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power and recognized
the basic rights of the nobility.
 The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England
as a nation.
 Evolution of Parliament

France
 Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually
expanded their control over most of France.
 The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define France
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
as a nation.
Joan of Arc was a unifying factor.



Spain
 Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews and Moors.
 Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V.
Russia
 Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in
Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation.
 Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar or czar.
o Tsar: Russian rulers (kings)
 The Orthodox Church influenced unification.
12d) explaining the preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek,
Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science.


Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses
were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church
scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West.
Church scholars
 Were among the very few who could read and write
 Worked in monasteries
 Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
 Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in
Europe
 Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe
Questions for Review 12 a, d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
When did the European nation states begin to form?
What did William the Conqueror unite?
During whose reign did common law develop?
Who signed the Magna Carta?
What was the result of the Magna Carta?
Who was the Hundred Years War between?
Who established the French throne?
Why was Joan of Arc important?
What rulers unified Spain and expelled the Jews and Moors from Spain?
What ruler of Russia overthrew the Mongols?
Who was educated during the Middle Ages? Who was not educated?
Who laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Height of Medieval Europe
STANDARD WHI.12
The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political
changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by
12b) explaining conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades,
the Mongol conquests, and the fall of Constantinople.

Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control
of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
 Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire.
 Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire.
 Key events of Crusades
 Pope Urban’s speech rallied Europeans to christian cause
 The capture of Jerusalem in the 1st Crusade
 Founding of Crusader states
 Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin between the 2nd and 3rd Crusade
 Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders during the 4th Crusade
 Effects of Crusades
 Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs
 Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
 Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
 Weakened the Byzantine Empire
 Mongol armies
 Invaded Russia, China and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities
and countryside
 Created an empire
 Constantinople
 Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire
 Became capital of the Ottoman Empire
12c) identifying patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death
(Bubonic plague).


In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (bubonic plague) decimated the population
of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe. The bubonic plague
killed 1/3 to ½ of the population; it was carried by fleas on black rats.
Impact of the Black Death
 Decline in population
 Scarcity of labor
 Towns freed from feudal obligations
 Decline of church influence
 Disruption of trade
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Questions for Review 12 b, c
1. Who took part in the Crusades?
2. What was the goal of the Crusades?
3. Pope Urban’s speech began what event?
4. What did the crusaders establish in the Holy Lands?
5. What Muslim leader captured Jerusalem?
6. What city was sacked by western crusaders?
7. Name 2 positive effects of the Crusades.
8. Name 3 negative effects of the Crusades.
9. How did the Byzantine Empire fall?
10. What is another name for the Black Death?
11. When did it strike Europe?
12. How was the Black Death spead?
13. What do you think is the most important impact of the Black Death?
Renaissance
STANDARD WHI.13
The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the
Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
13a) identifying the economic foundations of the Renaissance.



The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products.
Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires.
New economic institutions developed.
Economic effects of the Crusades
Increased demand
for Middle Eastern
Products

Stimulated
production of
goods to trade in
Middle Eastern
markets
Encouraged the
use of credit and
banking
Important economic concepts
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn



Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped
to secularize northern Italy.
o Usury- the practice lending money at high interst rates
o Secular- things that are not regarded as religious, spiritual, or sacred
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade.
New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were
introduced.
13b) sequencing events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their
political development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as
described in The Prince.

Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of
Italian city-states.
 Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders.
 Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the
acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule.
 Florence, Venice, and Genoa
 Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets
 Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
 Were initially independent city-states governed as republics
 Machiavelli’s The Prince
 An early modern treatise on government
 Supported absolute power of the ruler
 Maintains that the end justifies the means
 Advises that one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary
13c) citing artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with
the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and
Petrarch.


The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and
literature.
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified citystates in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular.
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
Focus of Art and Literature


Medieval
Renaissance
Church
Salavation
Individuals
Worldly Matters
Christianity
Artistic and literary creativity
 Leonardo da Vinci—Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
 Michelangelo—Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David
 Petrarch—Sonnets, humanist scholarship
Humanism
 Celebrated the individual
 Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture
 Was supported by wealthy patrons
13d) comparing the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the
contributions of writers.

With the rise of trade, travel and literacy, the Italian Renaissance spread to northern
Europe. The art and literature changed as people of different cultures adopted
Renaissance ideas.
 Northern Renaissance
 Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
 Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.
 Johann Gutengerg invented the movable type printing press. Its aided in the
production and sale of books helping to disseminate ideas. The first printed
book was the Gutenberg Bible.
 Northern Renaissance writers
 Erasmus—The Praise of Folly (1511)
 Sir Thomas More—Utopia (1516)
 Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.
Questions for Review 13 a-d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What event introduced new products to Europe?
What promoted contact between Europe and the Byzantine and Muslim Empires?
Why were credit and banking developed?
What is usury?
What help secularize northern Italy?
What led to the rise of Italian city-states?
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn
7. What 3 Italian city-states controled trade routes connecting Europe and the Middle East?
8. Who wrote The Prince?
9. What kind of government did The Prince state was the best?
10. Which of the following are True statements about/from The Prince?
Write True/False next to each statement below.
___________It states the guidelines of how to gain and keep power.
___________It was a modern treatise on government.
___________Absolute power is good.
___________The ends justified the means.
___________A ruler should always do evil and good deeds only when necessary.
11. What is a patron?
12. How were the subjects of Medieval and Renaissance art different?
13. Who painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper?
14. Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the David?
15. Who wrote sonnets?
16. Explain Hummanism.
17. How did the Italian Renaissance spread?
18. What did Gutenberg invent and how did it help spread ideas?
19. Who wrote The Praise of Folly?
20. Who wrote Utopia?
Resources
http://facultysenate.villanova.edu/maya/pic473.htm
http://www.silkroadproject.org/tabid/177/default.aspx
http://librarycollections.org/uploads/MEmap.jpg
http://www.religionfacts.com
Layout and design by Carrie Casagrande and Holly Kahn