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Please pick up a chart from the AP Psych tray & get out your neuron diagram from yesterday Neurotransmitters • Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. • When released, they travel across synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse How do drugs and other chemicals alter neurotransmission? • Danger! Danger! We should not mess with our brain’s natural chemistry unless necessary • If you introduce your brain to artificial chemicals (like heroin) to achieve a “high”, then after a while, your brain will stop producing those chemicals on its own • Like ourselves, the brain can choose to be lazy if it wants---why make all these neurotransmitters myself if I don’t have to? Agonist vs Antagonist • Agonist: molecule that can be similar enough to a neurotransmitter that it will mimic its effects (binds to a receptor site to “release”) • Antagonist: molecule that can be similar enough to a neurotransmitter that will bind to a receptor site and block or inhibit a response Acetycholine (Ach) • Function: stimulates muscle contraction (skeletal and smooth); attention, memory, learning, and general intellectual functioning • Deficit: Alzheimer’s Disease (lack of muscle movement & control: paralysis) • Surplus: severe muscle spasms • Excitatory/Inhibitory: excitatory • Extra: plastic surgery/botulin & currare Dopamine • Function: involved in voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions, attention, and learning • Deficit: Parkinson’s Disease, anxiety disorders, memory problems, ADHD • Surplus: schizophrenia, drug addiction • Excitatory/Inhibitory: excitatory & inhibitory Serotonin • Function: moods and emotional states, hunger regulation of sleep and wakefulness • Deficit: depression, mood disorders • Surplus: aggression, mania (manic state of bipolar disorder) • Excitatory/Inhibitory: inhibitory Norepineprhine (also released as a hormone) • Function: used for arousal in the fight/flight response, modulation of mood, plays a role in learning and memory retrieval (hormone in blood- blood vessels contract/heart rate increases) • Deficit: mental disorders, especially depression • Surplus: anxiety • Excitatory/Inhibitory: excitatory • Extra (SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) GABA • Function: motor control, helps offset excitatory messages/regulates anxiety and regulate daily sleep-wake cycles • Deficit: anxiety, seizures, tremors, and insomnia • Surplus: sleep/eating disorders • Excitatory/Inhibitory: inhibitory Endorphins • Function: involved in pain perception and positive emotions. Similar to opiate family of drugs • Deficit: body experiences pain • Surplus: body may not give adequate warning about pain. Artificial highs • Excitatory/Inhibitory: inhibitory • Extra: exercise! Glutamate • Function: used in memory, learning, movement. Helps messages cross the synapse more efficiently • Deficit: Alzheimer’s memory malfunctions • Surplus: too much glutamate (and too late GABA) associated with epileptic seizures) • Excitatory/Inhibitory: excitatory Neuron Quiz • Clear off your desks of everything except a pencil • Write your name on the paper and bubble in the GradeCam ID number • When you are done, submit your quiz to the top tray and the quiz to the middle tray