Download Drugs * Drugs are defined as a chemical substance of low molecular

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Chemistry
in
Everyday Life
Drugs – Drugs are defined as a chemical
substance of low molecular masses which
interact with macromolecular targets and
produce a biological response.
Medicines- When the biological response
of drug is therapeutic and useful than
such drugs are called medicines
• Antacids- The chemical substances which
neutralizes excess of acid in stomach and give
relief from indigestion irritation and pain are
called antacids.
• For ex. Baking soda(sodium bicarbonate)
Mixture of aluminium and magnesium
hydroxide, Cimitidene(tegamet
• Antihistamines- The chemical substances
which are used to abolish the action of
histamine released in the body and prevent
allergy called antihistamines.These are also
called antiallergic drugs.
• Ex. Brompheniramine(dimitapp),
terfendine(seldane)
•
• Tranquilizers- The chemical substances used for the
treatment stress, and mild or severe mental diseases
are called tranquilizers. these drugs relieve anxiety,
stress and irritability.
• Ex. Cholrdiazepoxide and meprobamate used to relieve
tension
•
Equanil is used in depression
•
Derivatives of barbituric acid like
veronal,amytal,lumial valium and serotonin are
•
also used as tranquilizers.,but these hypnoitic (sleep
producing)
•
• Analgesics- The chemical substances which are used to
relieve pain without causing impairment of consciousness,
mental confusion, incordination or paralysis or some other
disturbances of nervous system.
• These are of two types :
• Non narcotic analgesics – The common non non-addictive
analgesics are asipirin and paracetamol.these drugs also
have antipyretic action(reduces fever).
• Narcotic analgesics – Some analgesics are habit forming
produce sleep and consciousness are called narcotic
analgesics.however in excessive doses these produce
stupor, coma and ultimately death Ex.
Morpine,codien,heroin
• Antimicrobials – These are the chemical
substances used to cure infection due to
micro-organism(abceria virus fungi and other
pathogens).Antibiotic, antiseptics and and
disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs.
• Antibiotics – An antibiotic is substance which
is produced wholly or partially by chemical
synthesis ,which in low concentration inhibits
the growth or destroy micro-organism by
intervening in their metabolic processes.
• Antibiotics are of two types :
• Bactericidal – Antibiotics those kill bacteriaor
microbes Ex. Penicillin, ofoxacin,
aminoglycocides.
• Bacteriostatic – Antibiotics those inhibit the
growth of microbes. Ex.
Erythromycin,tetracycline, Chloramphenicol
• Broad spectrum antibiotics – Antibiotic which kill
or prevent the growth of wide range of gram
positive and gram negative bacteria. Ex.
Ampicillin,Amoxycillin,Chloramphenicoland
ofoxacin
• Narrow spectrum antibiotics - Antibiotic which
kill or prevent the growth of either gram positive
or gram negative bacteria. Ex.Pencillin
• Limited spectrum – Asntibiotic which is effective
against a single organism or disease
• Antiseptics – These are chemical substances used
to kill or to prevent the growth of micro-organism
on the living tissues like wounds cuts ulcers and
diseased skin surfaces.
• Ex. Dettol(Chloroxylenol and terpineol)
Iodofom,Bithional(in antiseptic soaps)
• Disinfactants - These are chemical substances
used to kill micro-organism on inanimate objects
like floors drainage systems, instruments etc 1%
solution of phenol,chlorine and sulphur dioxide
• Antifertility Drugs – These are the chemical
substances used to control preganancy and
birth.These are also called oral contraceptives
these drugs are essentially mixture of
estrogen and progesterone derivatives
Norethindrone is a synthetic progesterone
widely used as antifertility
drug.Ethynylestradiol(Novestrol) is the
derivative of estrogen and progesterone.
• Food Preservatives – These are the chemicals
which are added to the food materials to
prevent the spoilage of food and to retain
their nutritive values for long time.
• Ex. Table salt, sugar vegetable oil, sodium
benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propanoic
acid.
• Artificial sweetening agent - These are the
chemical substances those are sweet in taste
but donot increase the calorific value of food.
• Ex.Aspartame, alitame, sucralose Saccharin
• Saccharin (orthosulphobenzamide) is about 550 times
sweet than sugar,It is inert and harmless so has great
value to diabetic person.
• Asprtame is 100 times sweet,it is methyl ester of
dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenyl
alanine,it is unstable at cooking temperature so used in
cold food and soft drinks.
• Alitame is 2000 times sweet so it is difficult to control
the sweetness of food.
• Sucralose – it is trichloro derivative of sucrose it is
stable at cooking temperature and does not provide
calories so it is an important sweetner.