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Revision Chemistry in Everyday Life Drugs – Drugs are defined as a chemical substance of low molecular masses which interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response. Medicines- When the biological response of drug is therapeutic and useful than such drugs are called medicines • Antacids- The chemical substances which neutralizes excess of acid in stomach and give relief from indigestion irritation and pain are called antacids. • For ex. Baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) Mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide, Cimitidene(tegamet • Antihistamines- The chemical substances which are used to abolish the action of histamine released in the body and prevent allergy called antihistamines.These are also called antiallergic drugs. • Ex. Brompheniramine(dimitapp), terfendine(seldane) • • Tranquilizers- The chemical substances used for the treatment stress, and mild or severe mental diseases are called tranquilizers. these drugs relieve anxiety, stress and irritability. • Ex. Cholrdiazepoxide and meprobamate used to relieve tension • Equanil is used in depression • Derivatives of barbituric acid like veronal,amytal,lumial valium and serotonin are • also used as tranquilizers.,but these hypnoitic (sleep producing) • • Analgesics- The chemical substances which are used to relieve pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of nervous system. • These are of two types : • Non narcotic analgesics – The common non non-addictive analgesics are asipirin and paracetamol.these drugs also have antipyretic action(reduces fever). • Narcotic analgesics – Some analgesics are habit forming produce sleep and consciousness are called narcotic analgesics.however in excessive doses these produce stupor, coma and ultimately death Ex. Morpine,codien,heroin • Antimicrobials – These are the chemical substances used to cure infection due to micro-organism(abceria virus fungi and other pathogens).Antibiotic, antiseptics and and disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs. • Antibiotics – An antibiotic is substance which is produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis ,which in low concentration inhibits the growth or destroy micro-organism by intervening in their metabolic processes. • Antibiotics are of two types : • Bactericidal – Antibiotics those kill bacteriaor microbes Ex. Penicillin, ofoxacin, aminoglycocides. • Bacteriostatic – Antibiotics those inhibit the growth of microbes. Ex. Erythromycin,tetracycline, Chloramphenicol • Broad spectrum antibiotics – Antibiotic which kill or prevent the growth of wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Ex. Ampicillin,Amoxycillin,Chloramphenicoland ofoxacin • Narrow spectrum antibiotics - Antibiotic which kill or prevent the growth of either gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Ex.Pencillin • Limited spectrum – Asntibiotic which is effective against a single organism or disease • Antiseptics – These are chemical substances used to kill or to prevent the growth of micro-organism on the living tissues like wounds cuts ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. • Ex. Dettol(Chloroxylenol and terpineol) Iodofom,Bithional(in antiseptic soaps) • Disinfactants - These are chemical substances used to kill micro-organism on inanimate objects like floors drainage systems, instruments etc 1% solution of phenol,chlorine and sulphur dioxide • Antifertility Drugs – These are the chemical substances used to control preganancy and birth.These are also called oral contraceptives these drugs are essentially mixture of estrogen and progesterone derivatives Norethindrone is a synthetic progesterone widely used as antifertility drug.Ethynylestradiol(Novestrol) is the derivative of estrogen and progesterone. • Food Preservatives – These are the chemicals which are added to the food materials to prevent the spoilage of food and to retain their nutritive values for long time. • Ex. Table salt, sugar vegetable oil, sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid. • Artificial sweetening agent - These are the chemical substances those are sweet in taste but donot increase the calorific value of food. • Ex.Aspartame, alitame, sucralose Saccharin • Saccharin (orthosulphobenzamide) is about 550 times sweet than sugar,It is inert and harmless so has great value to diabetic person. • Asprtame is 100 times sweet,it is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenyl alanine,it is unstable at cooking temperature so used in cold food and soft drinks. • Alitame is 2000 times sweet so it is difficult to control the sweetness of food. • Sucralose – it is trichloro derivative of sucrose it is stable at cooking temperature and does not provide calories so it is an important sweetner.